銅(tong)合金具(ju)有(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)強度和塑(su)性(xing),具(ju)有(you)(you)高(gao)的(de)彈(dan)性(xing)極限和疲勞極限,同時還具(ju)有(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)的(de)耐蝕性(xing)、抗(kang)堿性(xing)及優良的(de)減摩性(xing)和耐磨性(xing)。銅(tong)又分純銅(tong)(俗稱(cheng)紫銅(tong))、黃銅(tong)和青銅(tong)等。


1. 純銅(tong)


  純(chun)銅(tong)面呈紫紅色,有良好的(de)導(dao)電性(xing)(xing)、導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)和(he)耐大氣腐(fu)蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing),熔點為1083℃。在(zai)管(guan)(guan)道工程(cheng)中常(chang)用(yong)純(chun)銅(tong)制成鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)和(he)法蘭(lan)(lan)墊片(pian)(pian)。因純(chun)銅(tong)硬(ying)度(du)(du)較(jiao)低,退火后變得更柔軟,故常(chang)用(yong)作高壓管(guan)(guan)道中的(de)法蘭(lan)(lan)墊片(pian)(pian)。純(chun)銅(tong)管(guan)(guan)的(de)低溫(wen)性(xing)(xing)能比鋼(gang)(gang)材好,故純(chun)銅(tong)管(guan)(guan)常(chang)用(yong)于(yu)空分設備(bei)管(guan)(guan)道、冷凍管(guan)(guan)道和(he)儀表(biao)管(guan)(guan)道。純(chun)銅(tong)的(de)高溫(wen)性(xing)(xing)能差,在(zai)120℃以下(xia),容許抗拉強度(du)(du)為29.43MPa。溫(wen)度(du)(du)若再(zai)升高,其機械(xie)強度(du)(du)則急劇下(xia)降,當(dang)溫(wen)度(du)(du)上升至250℃時,其容許抗拉強度(du)(du)只相當(dang)于(yu)常(chang)溫(wen)時的(de)2/3,已(yi)不宜在(zai)壓力下(xia)使用(yong)。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)純(chun)銅(tong)牌號(hao)為T2、T3、T4,雜質(zhi)含量T2最少(shao),T4最多。


2. 黃銅(H)(brass)(H)


  黃(huang)銅(tong)是銅(tong)和(he)鋅(xin)的合(he)金,其機械(xie)強(qiang)度(du)(du)高(gao),有(you)較(jiao)好的耐(nai)腐(fu)蝕性和(he)澆鑄(zhu)性,可用(yong)來制作(zuo)管子、管件和(he)閥(fa)門等。化工上(shang)常用(yong)的有(you)H80、H68、H62(“H”是黃(huang)銅(tong)代(dai)號,后邊的數字表示合(he)金中銅(tong)的平(ping)均含量(liang))。H80比H68塑性好。作(zuo)強(qiang)度(du)(du)計算時(shi),在120℃以下(xia),黃(huang)銅(tong)容(rong)許抗拉強(qiang)度(du)(du)為29.43MPa。隨著溫度(du)(du)升高(gao),其強(qiang)度(du)(du)則急劇下(xia)降,當溫度(du)(du)沒超過(guo)225℃時(shi),黃(huang)銅(tong)閥(fa)件可用(yong)在壓力不超過(guo)1.6MPa的管道(dao)中。


3. 青(qing)銅(tong)(bronze)(Q)


  青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)是銅(tong)(tong)和錫(xi)的(de)合金,又稱錫(xi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)。由于(yu)錫(xi)的(de)價(jia)格較高,故制造青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)也常(chang)用(yong)其(qi)他元素代替(ti),因而又有無錫(xi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong),如鋁(lv)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、鉛青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、硅青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)等。青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)通常(chang)由澆鑄而成,其(qi)強度、硬度及(ji)耐(nai)腐(fu)蝕性(xing)都比(bi)黃銅(tong)(tong)好。青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)常(chang)用(yong)于(yu)制造蝸輪、齒(chi)輪、輪,以及(ji)管(guan)道工程中的(de)閥件和管(guan)件等。


  例如,制冷系統空調(diao)器(qi)用(yong)銅配(pei)管的(de)材料為(wei)(wei)磷脫氧無縫拉制銅管,牌號為(wei)(wei)TP2(GB/T 5231),供(gong)應狀態有M(軟)、Y(硬),材料標記方(fang)法分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)TP2M,TP2Y。對(dui)應日本牌號分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)C1220T-OL,C1220-H。要求使用(yong)內表面(mian)無氧化(hua)的(de)光亮管。其直徑、壁(bi)厚可參照GB/T 1804。其化(hua)學成分(fen)分(fen)析方(fang)法按(an)GB/T 5121進行,性能可按(an)GB/T 228、GB/T 242、GB/T 246。