按塔(ta)內(nei)件(jian)結構(gou)可分(fen)為(wei)：板式(shi)塔(ta)和(he)填料塔(ta)。塔(ta)設備盡管(guan)其(qi)用(yong)途各異(yi)，操(cao)作條件(jian)也各不相(xiang)同(tong)，但就其(qi)構(gou)造而言大同(tong)小異(yi)，主要由塔(ta)體(ti)(ti)、支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座、內(nei)部構(gou)件(jian)及附件(jian)組成(cheng)。根據塔(ta)內(nei)部構(gou)件(jian)的(de)結構(gou)可以將其(qi)分(fen)為(wei)板式(shi)塔(ta)和(he)填料塔(ta)兩(liang)大類。塔(ta)體(ti)(ti)是塔(ta)設備的(de)外殼(ke)，由圓(yuan)筒(tong)和(he)兩(liang)封頭組成(cheng)；封頭可以是半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、碟形(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)；支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座是將塔(ta)體(ti)(ti)安(an)裝在基礎上的(de)連接(jie)部分(fen)，一般采用(yong)裙式(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座，有圓(yuan)筒(tong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)圓(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)兩(liang)種，常采用(yong)圓(yuan)筒(tong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)。裙座與塔(ta)體(ti)(ti)采用(yong)對接(jie)焊(han)接(jie)或搭接(jie)焊(han)接(jie)連接(jie)，裙座的(de)高度由工藝(yi)要求的(de)附屬設備（如再(zai)沸器、泵(beng)）及管(guan)線(xian)的(de)布置情況(kuang)而定(ding)。
1. 板(ban)式塔（plate column）
在(zai)板(ban)式(shi)塔中裝有(you)一定數(shu)量的(de)(de)塔盤(pan)，液(ye)體借自(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)重量自(zi)上(shang)而下沉向(xiang)塔底（在(zai)塔盤(pan)板(ban)上(shang)沿塔徑(jing)橫向(xiang)流動），氣體靠壓差自(zi)下而上(shang)以(yi)鼓泡的(de)(de)形式(shi)穿過塔盤(pan)上(shang)的(de)(de)液(ye)層升(sheng)向(xiang)塔頂。在(zai)每層塔盤(pan)上(shang)氣、液(ye)兩相(xiang)密切(qie)接觸，進行傳質，使兩相(xiang)的(de)(de)組分濃度沿塔高呈階(jie)梯式(shi)變化(hua)，如圖4.1所示。
如果按其塔板上氣、液(ye)流(liu)向不(bu)同還可分為以下幾種。
①. 氣(qi)、液(ye)呈(cheng)錯(cuo)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)。氣(qi)、液(ye)呈(cheng)錯(cuo)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)上裝有(you)降(jiang)(jiang)液(ye)管，液(ye)體自上板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)(jiang)液(ye)管落下(xia)，進入(ru)(ru)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)之后，沿著塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)橫向流(liu)過(guo)，經塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)(jiang)液(ye)管流(liu)入(ru)(ru)下(xia)一塊塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)（受液(ye)槽）。一般受液(ye)槽和(he)(he)對應(ying)降(jiang)(jiang)液(ye)管寬度是一樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)。而氣(qi)體則通過(guo)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開孔，與(yu)液(ye)體呈(cheng)錯(cuo)流(liu)方式(shi)傳(chuan)質和(he)(he)傳(chuan)熱。氣(qi)、液(ye)呈(cheng)錯(cuo)流(liu)方式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)在生產上用得最多，根據其氣(qi)、液(ye)接觸元件形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，又可分為泡罩型(xing)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)、篩(shai)孔型(xing)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)、浮閥型(xing)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)噴(pen)射型(xing)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)。
②. 氣(qi)、液呈(cheng)逆流的塔板(ban)(ban)。塔板(ban)(ban)結構簡單(dan)，不(bu)設溢流管，氣(qi)、液從塔板(ban)(ban)縫中上(shang)下穿流而(er)過，在板(ban)(ban)上(shang)的流體為(wei)上(shang)升蒸汽所攪(jiao)動而(er)形成泡沫，進行兩相間的傳質，這類塔板(ban)(ban)的塔有柵板(ban)(ban)塔、穿流式波紋篩板(ban)(ban)塔。
③. 氣、液(ye)呈并(bing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的塔(ta)板(ban)。氣、液(ye)呈并(bing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的塔(ta)板(ban)在每一塊塔(ta)板(ban)上，氣、液(ye)呈并(bing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)接觸方(fang)式(shi)，對整個塔(ta)氣、液(ye)呈逆流(liu)(liu)(liu)操作(zuo)方(fang)式(shi)。
板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)塔(ta)按有(you)無降(jiang)液(ye)管塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)可分為兩類：有(you)降(jiang)液(ye)管塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)（錯流(liu)(liu)式(shi)），包括篩板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、浮閥板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、泡(pao)罩板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、導向篩板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、舌形板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、多降(jiang)液(ye)管塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等；無降(jiang)液(ye)管塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)（逆(ni)流(liu)(liu)式(shi)），包括穿流(liu)(liu)篩板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、穿流(liu)(liu)柵板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、波(bo)紋(wen)穿流(liu)(liu)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)塔(ta)的結(jie)構板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)塔(ta)的主要部件是塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)有(you)許(xu)多形式(shi)。圖(tu)4.2所示(shi)為板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)塔(ta)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)結(jie)構。
2. 填料塔（packed column）
填(tian)料(liao)(liao)塔中裝填(tian)一(yi)定高(gao)(gao)度(du)的(de)(de)填(tian)料(liao)(liao)，液體(ti)(ti)自(zi)塔頂沿(yan)填(tian)料(liao)(liao)表面(mian)向下流(liu)動(dong)，作(zuo)為連續相的(de)(de)氣體(ti)(ti)自(zi)塔底向上流(liu)動(dong)，與液體(ti)(ti)進行逆(ni)流(liu)，兩相組分(fen)的(de)(de)濃度(du)沿(yan)塔高(gao)(gao)呈(cheng)連續變化。可根據工藝特點、介質的(de)(de)特性選用不同類型的(de)(de)填(tian)料(liao)(liao)，如拉西環、鮑爾環等。填(tian)料(liao)(liao)塔結構示(shi)意圖(tu)如圖(tu)4.3所示(shi)。
典型填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)的工作(zuo)原理圖如(ru)圖4.4所示(shi)。塔(ta)(ta)(ta)體(ti)為一圓筒，筒內堆放一定高度的填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)。操作(zuo)時，液(ye)體(ti)自(zi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)上(shang)部進入，通過液(ye)體(ti)分布器(qi)均勻噴灑于塔(ta)(ta)(ta)截面(mian)上(shang)，在填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)表面(mian)呈膜狀流下(xia)。填(tian)(tian)(tian)充高度較高的填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)可(ke)將填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)分層(ceng)，各(ge)層(ceng)填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)之間設置液(ye)體(ti)再分布器(qi)，收集上(shang)層(ceng)流下(xia)的液(ye)體(ti)，并將液(ye)體(ti)重新均布于塔(ta)(ta)(ta)截面(mian)。氣體(ti)自(zi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)下(xia)部進入，通過填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)層(ceng)中的空隙由(you)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)頂排出，離開填(tian)(tian)(tian)料(liao)層(ceng)的氣體(ti)可(ke)能挾(xie)帶少量液(ye)沫(mo)，必要時可(ke)在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)頂安(an)裝除沫(mo)器(qi)。
