工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)選(xuan)用(yong)是根據(ju)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)總體要(yao)求、工(gong)(gong)藝數據(ju)條件(jian)和采(cai)購特點(dian)等(deng)(deng)因素,對管(guan)(guan)(guan)子、管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)、閥門(men)、法(fa)蘭、墊(dian)片、緊固元件(jian)、特殊(shu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、隔熱材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)、涂漆材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)選(xuan)用(yong),包括管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)標(biao)準、材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)質、規格、結構(gou)形式(shi)、連接形式(shi)等(deng)(deng)內(nei)容(rong)的(de)(de)選(xuan)定。在(zai)國內(nei)外一些大(da)型工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)公司,工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)選(xuan)用(yong)的(de)(de)具體工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)還包括管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)數量匯(hui)總、向采(cai)購部(bu)門(men)提出(chu)請購單、編制管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)采(cai)購技術要(yao)求文(wen)件(jian)、對管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)提供商文(wen)件(jian)的(de)(de)評(ping)閱、施工(gong)(gong)現場工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)檢(jian)驗和試(shi)驗等(deng)(deng)內(nei)容(rong)。工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)選(xuan)用(yong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)貫穿(chuan)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)整個過(guo)程(cheng)。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目的(de)(de)詢價、設(she)(she)計、采(cai)購、施工(gong)(gong)及后(hou)期服務等(deng)(deng)階(jie)段(duan)均離不(bu)開(kai)工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)選(xuan)用(yong)。


①. 標準系列化


   目前大(da)多數(shu)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)及其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)都進行了系(xi)(xi)列化(hua),并(bing)有(you)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)應(ying)用標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)作支持。因此,管(guan)(guan)道(dao)材(cai)料(liao)設(she)計(ji)時首先要考慮(lv)的(de)(de)問題(ti)就是管(guan)(guan)道(dao)及其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)系(xi)(xi)列的(de)(de)選用。一個管(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)中各(ge)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)所用系(xi)(xi)列標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)集合稱為應(ying)用標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體系(xi)(xi)。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)(xie)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)應(ying)包括管(guan)(guan)子(zi)系(xi)(xi)列標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、管(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)系(xi)(xi)列標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、法(fa)(fa)蘭及其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)連接(jie)件(jian)(jian)系(xi)(xi)列標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、閥門標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)等。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)(xie)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)通過一定的(de)(de)規則在(zai)一個管(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)中得到應(ying)用,它們之間相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)銜接(jie)、相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)配合,從而確定了管(guan)(guan)道(dao)及其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)基(ji)本參數(shu)。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)(xie)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)中尤其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以管(guan)(guan)子(zi)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和法(fa)(fa)蘭標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)最具有(you)代(dai)表性,它們是其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他應(ying)用標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎。


   世(shi)界上各(ge)(ge)國應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)管道標(biao)(biao)(biao)準體系(xi)(xi)有(you)很多,不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)國家有(you)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準和(he)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準體系(xi)(xi),而(er)在我國,不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)行業又各(ge)(ge)采用(yong)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準和(he)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準體系(xi)(xi)。這些標(biao)(biao)(biao)準之(zhi)間(jian)千差(cha)萬別,甚(shen)至(zhi)有(you)些標(biao)(biao)(biao)準和(he)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準體系(xi)(xi)相(xiang)差(cha)甚(shen)遠(yuan),相(xiang)互(hu)(hu)之(zhi)間(jian)無法配套使用(yong)和(he)互(hu)(hu)換,從而(er)給使用(yong)者帶來了不少麻煩。為(wei)此,工業管道設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)步(bu)就(jiu)是選擇應(ying)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準體系(xi)(xi),并(bing)作(zuo)為(wei)裝置內各(ge)(ge)個專業設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)規(gui)定,以避免(mian)各(ge)(ge)相(xiang)關專業因采用(yong)不能互(hu)(hu)換的(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他應(ying)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準體系(xi)(xi)而(er)導致錯誤。


工(gong)程(cheng)應用(yong):配管(guan)設計的(de)管(guan)子標準(zhun)系列不同引起的(de)錯誤


   圖(tu)16.2所示的是在某施工現場發現的,因設計引(yin)起(qi)的錯誤(wu)。兩(liang)個裝置(zhi)在界區接點(dian),因管(guan)(guan)子(zi)標(biao)準系列(lie)不同引(yin)起(qi)管(guan)(guan)子(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)不同而連接不上(shang)。左側(ce)為(wei)ASME標(biao)準管(guan)(guan)子(zi),右側(ce)為(wei)HG 20553II標(biao)準系列(lie)管(guan)(guan)子(zi),都是DN500的公稱(cheng)直徑(jing)(jing),但(dan)是左側(ce)管(guan)(guan)子(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)508mm,右側(ce)管(guan)(guan)子(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)530mm。


②. 國際化(hua)


   現在的工(gong)程(cheng)項目越(yue)來越(yue)國際(ji)化(hua)(hua),這(zhe)就要求工(gong)業管(guan)(guan)道器(qi)材(cai)設(she)計時按照工(gong)程(cheng)項目的具(ju)體要求,選(xuan)用國際(ji)化(hua)(hua)標(biao)準(zhun)的管(guan)(guan)道器(qi)材(cai)。管(guan)(guan)道器(qi)材(cai)選(xuan)用設(she)計標(biao)準(zhun)規范也逐漸在統(tong)一(yi)向通(tong)用的國際(ji)化(hua)(hua)標(biao)準(zhun)看齊。


③. 經濟(ji)性


   經(jing)濟(ji)性是指管(guan)道的一次投(tou)資(zi)費用(yong)和操(cao)作(zuo)維(wei)護費用(yong)的綜合指數低。一般情況下,如(ru)果(guo)一次投(tou)資(zi)較高的話,其可靠(kao)性好,操(cao)作(zuo)、維(wei)護費用(yong)低。對于特別重大和復雜(za)的決(jue)策,可借(jie)助計算機分析取(qu)技術和經(jing)濟(ji)的最優化(hua)組合,如(ru)圖16.3所示(shi)。在設計時(shi),要力爭做到(dao)管(guan)系中各元件具有(you)相同的強度(du)和壽命選(xuan)用(yong)。


④. 多學科性


   工(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)道(dao)器(qi)材設計(ji)是配管(guan)設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)基礎技能之一,工(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)道(dao)器(qi)材設計(ji)既要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)從事這項(xiang)設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程技術(shu)人員具有材料、力(li)學、機械(xie)、技術(shu)經濟等(deng)多學科知識(shi),還要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)能夠運用好計(ji)算機和(he)外語兩個最重要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)具,結合項(xiang)目實際的(de)(de)(de)采購情況,根據工(gong)(gong)藝專(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝管(guan)道(dao)數據表要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu),根據管(guan)道(dao)布置、設備布置和(he)管(guan)道(dao)應(ying)力(li)分析(xi)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu),根據甲(jia)方提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu),并遵循相關(guan)法規(gui)和(he)規(gui)定(ding),用計(ji)算機文本、表格或者數據庫(ku)表示(shi)出(chu)來,成為(wei)一個系統的(de)(de)(de)、集體的(de)(de)(de)、創(chuang)造性的(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)力(li)勞動。


⑤. 復雜(za)性


   工(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)程設(she)計(ji)過程中實際應用的管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)種(zhong)類很(hen)(hen)多,使用工(gong)(gong)況也(ye)千差萬別(bie),影(ying)響(xiang)因(yin)素和(he)環(huan)節也(ye)比較多。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)是一個系統,各環(huan)節相互關聯、相互影(ying)響(xiang),管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)組成件和(he)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)支撐(cheng)件的種(zhong)類繁多,各種(zhong)材(cai)料(liao)各有特點和(he)具體(ti)技(ji)術要求,材(cai)料(liao)選(xuan)用復(fu)雜(za)。管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)徑(jing)比很(hen)(hen)大,極易失穩,受(shou)力情況比壓力容(rong)器(qi)(qi)更復(fu)雜(za)。管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)內流體(ti)流動狀態復(fu)雜(za),緩(huan)沖余地(di)小(xiao),工(gong)(gong)作條件變(bian)(bian)化頻率比壓力容(rong)器(qi)(qi)高(如高溫、高壓、低溫、低壓、位移變(bian)(bian)形(xing)、風、雪、地(di)震等都可能影(ying)響(xiang)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)受(shou)力情況)。在做管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)選(xuan)用工(gong)(gong)作時需要全(quan)面考慮(lv)。管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)選(xuan)用和(he)裝置布(bu)置、管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)布(bu)置、配(pei)管(guan)(guan)應力分析一樣(yang)都是完成工(gong)(gong)程項目配(pei)管(guan)(guan)(管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao))設(she)計(ji)專(zhuan)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)作的基本技(ji)術技(ji)能。


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