工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器材(cai)(cai)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)根據工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)(ji)的(de)總體(ti)要求、工(gong)(gong)藝數據條件和采購特點等因(yin)素，對(dui)管(guan)子、管(guan)件、閥門、法(fa)蘭、墊(dian)片、緊固(gu)元件、特殊管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器材(cai)(cai)、隔熱材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)、涂漆(qi)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)等的(de)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)，包括管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)標準、材(cai)(cai)質、規格、結構形式(shi)、連(lian)接(jie)形式(shi)等內(nei)容的(de)選定(ding)。在(zai)國(guo)內(nei)外(wai)一些大型工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)公司，工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器材(cai)(cai)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)具體(ti)工(gong)(gong)作還包括管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)數量匯總、向采購部門提出(chu)請(qing)購單、編制管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)采購技(ji)術要求文(wen)件、對(dui)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)提供商(shang)文(wen)件的(de)評閱、施工(gong)(gong)現場工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器材(cai)(cai)的(de)檢驗和試(shi)驗等內(nei)容。工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器材(cai)(cai)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)作貫穿工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)(ji)的(de)整個過程(cheng)。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目的(de)詢價、設計(ji)(ji)、采購、施工(gong)(gong)及后(hou)期(qi)服務(wu)等階段均離不開工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器材(cai)(cai)的(de)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)。
①. 標(biao)準系(xi)列化(hua)
目(mu)前大多數管(guan)道及其元(yuan)件都進行了系列(lie)化，并有相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)應用標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)作支持。因此(ci)，管(guan)道材料設(she)計時(shi)首先(xian)要考慮(lv)的(de)(de)(de)問題就是(shi)管(guan)道及其元(yuan)件標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)系列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)用。一個管(guan)系中各元(yuan)件所用系列(lie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)集合稱為應用標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體系。這些(xie)(xie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)應包括管(guan)子(zi)系列(lie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、管(guan)件系列(lie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、法蘭(lan)及其連接件系列(lie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、閥門標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)等。這些(xie)(xie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)通過一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)規則在(zai)一個管(guan)系中得到(dao)應用，它們之(zhi)間(jian)相(xiang)互(hu)銜接、相(xiang)互(hu)配(pei)合，從而(er)確定(ding)了管(guan)道及其元(yuan)件的(de)(de)(de)基本參(can)數。這些(xie)(xie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)中尤其以管(guan)子(zi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)和法蘭(lan)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)最具有代表性，它們是(shi)其他(ta)應用標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)基礎。
世界上(shang)各國(guo)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)管道(dao)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系有(you)(you)很多，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)國(guo)家有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和(he)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系，而在(zai)我國(guo)，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)行業(ye)又各采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和(he)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系。這些標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)之間千(qian)差萬別(bie)，甚至有(you)(you)些標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和(he)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系相差甚遠，相互(hu)之間無法配套使用(yong)(yong)(yong)和(he)互(hu)換，從而給使用(yong)(yong)(yong)者帶來了(le)不(bu)(bu)少麻煩(fan)。為此，工業(ye)管道(dao)設計(ji)的(de)第一步就是選擇應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系，并作(zuo)為裝置內各個專業(ye)設計(ji)的(de)統一規定(ding)，以(yi)避免各相關專業(ye)因采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)能互(hu)換的(de)其他應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系而導致錯誤(wu)。
工程應用：配管設(she)計(ji)的管子標準系(xi)列(lie)不(bu)同(tong)引(yin)起的錯(cuo)誤
圖16.2所示的(de)是在(zai)某施工現場發現的(de)，因設(she)計引起的(de)錯誤。兩(liang)個(ge)裝置在(zai)界區接(jie)點(dian)，因管(guan)子(zi)(zi)標準(zhun)系列不(bu)同引起管(guan)子(zi)(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)不(bu)同而連接(jie)不(bu)上(shang)。左側為(wei)ASME標準(zhun)管(guan)子(zi)(zi)，右側為(wei)HG 20553II標準(zhun)系列管(guan)子(zi)(zi)，都是DN500的(de)公(gong)稱直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)，但(dan)是左側管(guan)子(zi)(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)508mm，右側管(guan)子(zi)(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)530mm。
②. 國際化
現在的(de)(de)(de)工程項目(mu)越來越國(guo)際化，這就要求工業管(guan)道器材(cai)設計時按(an)照工程項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)具體要求，選用國(guo)際化標準的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)道器材(cai)。管(guan)道器材(cai)選用設計標準規范也逐漸在統(tong)一向通用的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)際化標準看齊。
③. 經濟性
經(jing)濟(ji)性是指管道的(de)一次(ci)投資(zi)費用和操作(zuo)維護(hu)費用的(de)綜合指數低(di)。一般情況(kuang)下，如(ru)果(guo)一次(ci)投資(zi)較高的(de)話，其可靠性好，操作(zuo)、維護(hu)費用低(di)。對于(yu)特別重大(da)和復雜的(de)決策，可借(jie)助計算機分析取技術和經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)最優化(hua)組(zu)合，如(ru)圖16.3所示。在設計時，要力爭做到管系中(zhong)各元(yuan)件(jian)具有相同的(de)強度(du)和壽命選(xuan)用。
④. 多學科性
工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)道器材(cai)設計(ji)是配管(guan)(guan)設計(ji)的(de)基礎(chu)技能(neng)之一，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)道器材(cai)設計(ji)既要(yao)求從事(shi)這項設計(ji)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技術人員具有材(cai)料(liao)、力(li)學、機(ji)械、技術經濟等多學科知識，還要(yao)求能(neng)夠(gou)運(yun)用(yong)好(hao)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)和外語兩個(ge)最(zui)重要(yao)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具，結合項目實際的(de)采購情況，根據(ju)(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝專業的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝管(guan)(guan)道數(shu)據(ju)(ju)表要(yao)求，根據(ju)(ju)管(guan)(guan)道布置、設備(bei)布置和管(guan)(guan)道應力(li)分析的(de)特(te)殊(shu)要(yao)求，根據(ju)(ju)甲方提出(chu)的(de)要(yao)求，并遵循相關法規和規定，用(yong)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)文本、表格(ge)或者數(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)表示出(chu)來(lai)，成為一個(ge)系統的(de)、集體的(de)、創造性的(de)智(zhi)力(li)勞動。
⑤. 復雜(za)性
工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)道工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設計過程(cheng)(cheng)中實際應用(yong)(yong)的管(guan)(guan)(guan)道器材(cai)(cai)種(zhong)類(lei)很多(duo)，使用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)況也千差萬(wan)別，影響(xiang)因素和(he)環節(jie)(jie)也比較(jiao)多(duo)。工(gong)(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)道是一個系統(tong)，各環節(jie)(jie)相互關(guan)聯、相互影響(xiang)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)道組成件(jian)和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道支撐件(jian)的種(zhong)類(lei)繁多(duo)，各種(zhong)材(cai)(cai)料各有特點(dian)和(he)具體技(ji)術要(yao)求(qiu)，材(cai)(cai)料選用(yong)(yong)復雜。管(guan)(guan)(guan)道長徑比很大，極(ji)易失(shi)穩(wen)，受力(li)(li)情況比壓力(li)(li)容器更復雜。管(guan)(guan)(guan)道內流(liu)體流(liu)動狀態(tai)復雜，緩(huan)沖余地小，工(gong)(gong)作條件(jian)變化頻率比壓力(li)(li)容器高（如(ru)高溫、高壓、低(di)(di)溫、低(di)(di)壓、位(wei)移(yi)變形、風、雪(xue)、地震等(deng)都可能(neng)(neng)影響(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道受力(li)(li)情況）。在做管(guan)(guan)(guan)道器材(cai)(cai)選用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)作時(shi)需要(yao)全(quan)面考慮。管(guan)(guan)(guan)道器材(cai)(cai)選用(yong)(yong)和(he)裝置布置、管(guan)(guan)(guan)道布置、配管(guan)(guan)(guan)應力(li)(li)分(fen)析(xi)一樣都是完(wan)成工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目配管(guan)(guan)(guan)（管(guan)(guan)(guan)道）設計專業工(gong)(gong)作的基本技(ji)術技(ji)能(neng)(neng)。
