材料的腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)環境復雜,影響因(yin)素(su)頗多。因(yin)此(ci),從不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的角度出發,可以有不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)分類方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。目前(qian)主要的腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)分類方(fang)(fang)法(fa)有依(yi)(yi)(yi)據(ju)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)環境分類法(fa)、依(yi)(yi)(yi)據(ju)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)機(ji)理分類法(fa)、依(yi)(yi)(yi)據(ju)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)形態分類法(fa)、依(yi)(yi)(yi)據(ju)材料的特性分類法(fa)、依(yi)(yi)(yi)據(ju)應(ying)用范圍或(huo)工(gong)業(ye)部門分類法(fa)和(he)依(yi)(yi)(yi)據(ju)影響因(yin)素(su)分類法(fa)等。在這幾種分類方(fang)(fang)法(fa)中,前(qian)三種分類方(fang)(fang)法(fa)應(ying)用較廣。

   依(yi)據(ju)(ju)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環(huan)境(jing)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)較(jiao)為(wei)直觀和(he)實(shi)用(yong),具(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)干(gan)燥氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、潮(chao)濕環(huan)境(jing)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)非(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。依(yi)據(ju)(ju)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)機理分(fen)類(lei)(lei)則(ze)利于(yu)研究腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)觀機制,具(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)化(hua)學(xue)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。依(yi)據(ju)(ju)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形(xing)態分(fen)類(lei)(lei)利于(yu)辨別和(he)診(zhen)斷腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)失效,一般可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)全面(mian)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、局部(bu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)應力(li)作用(yong)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。依(yi)據(ju)(ju)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性和(he)種類(lei)(lei)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)從(cong)使(shi)用(yong)角(jiao)度(du)出發,具(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、無機非(fei)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、有(you)(you)(you)機材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)復合材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。此外,還有(you)(you)(you)依(yi)據(ju)(ju)影(ying)響(xiang)因素(su)對腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)類(lei)(lei),這(zhe)些(xie)因素(su)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)外部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、接(jie)觸腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、應力(li)作用(yong)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、摩(mo)擦與磨損促(cu)(cu)(cu)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、生(sheng)物(wu)和(he)微(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、輻(fu)射影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)高溫影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。外部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)例子是(shi)地下(xia)水(shui)管(guan)由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)車軌道散(san)失的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)所(suo)(suo)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破壞(通(tong)常稱(cheng)為(wei)雜散(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)),接(jie)觸腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)常是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)或(huo)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于(yu)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)直接(jie)接(jie)觸引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),這(zhe)兩類(lei)(lei)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)都(dou)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)學(xue)因素(su)促(cu)(cu)(cu)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。力(li)學(xue)因素(su)加速腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)破壞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況有(you)(you)(you)應力(li)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)及磨損腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。細(xi)菌在土壤中(zhong)促(cu)(cu)(cu)進(jin)化(hua)學(xue)分(fen)解(jie),船殼(ke)附著海生(sheng)物(wu)所(suo)(suo)帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現象(xiang),都(dou)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于(yu)生(sheng)物(wu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),而人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)或(huo)生(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)液也會(hui)造成材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。此外,聲、光、磁場、紫外線等(deng)(deng)(deng)物(wu)理因素(su)對腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也有(you)(you)(you)重要(yao)影(ying)響(xiang)。由于(yu)液態金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)對材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理破壞與腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相似,因而也常常納入腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)研究范圍。