壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)類(lei)型可分為(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)與(yu)泄(xie)漏兩大(da)類(lei)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)按原因(yin)來(lai)分又可分為(wei)(wei)化(hua)學性(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)和物(wu)(wu)理性(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)兩種。容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)部(bu)介質(zhi)因(yin)劇(ju)烈(lie)化(hua)學反應（包括(kuo)燃(ran)燒(shao)）控引起(qi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)稱為(wei)(wei)化(hua)學性(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)；容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)部(bu)因(yin)介質(zhi)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)用使(shi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)受壓(ya)(ya)部(bu)件(jian)的(de)應力(li)(li)(li)達到材料強度的(de)極(ji)限(xian)值(zhi)所引起(qi)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)稱為(wei)(wei)物(wu)(wu)理性(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)在運行中由于(yu)超(chao)壓(ya)(ya)、過(guo)熱，或(huo)腐(fu)蝕(shi)、磨損，易(yi)使(shi)受壓(ya)(ya)元件(jian)難(nan)以承受發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、撕裂(lie)等(deng)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)，不但會(hui)造成設(she)備損壞，而(er)還會(hui)波及周圍的(de)設(she)備、建筑(zhu)和人群。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)直接(jie)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)碎片能飛出數百米遠，能產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)巨大(da)的(de)沖擊波，破(po)壞力(li)(li)(li)與(yu)殺傷力(li)(li)(li)極(ji)大(da)。壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、撕裂(lie)等(deng)重事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)，有毒物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)大(da)量外溢(yi)會(hui)造成人畜(chu)中毒的(de)惡性(xing)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。而(er)可燃(ran)性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)大(da)量泄(xie)漏，還會(hui)引起(qi)重大(da)火災和二次(ci)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，后(hou)果也(ye)十分嚴重。浙(zhe)江至德(de)鋼業有限(xian)公司從圧力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)常用鋼材出發(fa)(fa)，詳細(xi)論述(shu)組織(zhi)結構與(yu)氫(qing)脆之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)關(guan)系，希望能對生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)活中的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)和相關(guan)科研起(qi)到一定的(de)借鑒作(zuo)用。

 由(you)于壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)是(shi)一種特殊的(de)設備，因此用于制(zhi)造壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的(de)材料主(zhu)要為鋼材。壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)選(xuan)材是(shi)一個(ge)復雜的(de)問題，鋼材的(de)種類會對壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的(de)安全性、壽命和(he)設備價格有直接的(de)影響。

 壓力容器對(dui)鋼材有如(ru)下三項(xiang)基(ji)本要求：

1. 高強度

   材(cai)料(liao)(liao)強(qiang)度是保證壓力(li)容器安全、可靠使用的基本條件(jian)。高強(qiang)度可以減少材(cai)料(liao)(liao)用量，這在經濟上(shang)也比較合理。

2. 良好的焊(han)接(jie)性

   壓力容(rong)器(qi)的(de)特點決定了焊接(jie)是壓力容(rong)器(qi)制造中(zhong)主要的(de)連接(jie)方(fang)法。這使(shi)得良(liang)好的(de)焊接(jie)性(xing)對保證壓力容(rong)器(qi)的(de)安全性(xing)有重要的(de)意義。

3. 良(liang)好的沖擊(ji)韌(ren)性

  通過對(dui)壓力容(rong)器事(shi)故的(de)分(fen)析(xi)發現(xian)，大多數的(de)事(shi)故原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)材料(liao)發生脆性斷裂。而良好(hao)的(de)韌性是(shi)防(fang)止壓力容(rong)器發生脆性破壞的(de)重(zhong)要因(yin)素。