一、裝置簡介(jie)

  醋酸(suan)(suan)是(shi)重要(yao)的(de)(de)有機(ji)化工(gong)原(yuan)料之一，廣泛用于(yu)合成(cheng)(cheng)纖維、涂料、醫藥、農藥、食品添加劑、染織等(deng)工(gong)業，是(shi)國(guo)(guo)民經濟的(de)(de)一個重要(yao)組成(cheng)(cheng)部分。醋酸(suan)(suan)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)有乙(yi)醛氧(yang)化法(fa)(fa)（乙(yi)醇(chun)和乙(yi)烯法(fa)(fa)）、乙(yi)烷(wan)和甲(jia)烷(wan)氧(yang)化法(fa)(fa)以(yi)及甲(jia)醇(chun)羰基(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)等(deng)。生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)工(gong)藝不同，操作條件及工(gong)藝介質的(de)(de)組成(cheng)(cheng)和腐(fu)蝕(shi)性也(ye)不同，對設(she)備和管道材料的(de)(de)要(yao)求也(ye)不同。甲(jia)醇(chun)低(di)壓羰基(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)醋酸(suan)(suan)工(gong)藝流程簡單，產(chan)(chan)能大，產(chan)(chan)品質量高，是(shi)目前最先進的(de)(de)醋酸(suan)(suan)生產(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝，也(ye)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)內外醋酸(suan)(suan)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)主流工(gong)藝。羰基(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)醋酸(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)工(gong)藝介質腐(fu)蝕(shi)性強，對設(she)備管道材料有特殊的(de)(de)要(yao)求。

二、典型羰(tang)基合成醋酸工藝流(liu)程(cheng)

  甲醇低壓羰基合成醋(cu)酸(suan)技術由美國Monsanto公司實(shi)現工業化，其工藝流程(cheng)示(shi)意圖(tu)如圖(tu)2.36所示(shi)。

  甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)醇低(di)壓(ya)(ya)羰基合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)酸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產工(gong)藝(yi)大(da)致可(ke)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)、精制、輕(qing)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)、催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)制備與(yu)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)等(deng)(deng)工(gong)序。甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)醇由(you)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)醇中間儲(chu)槽(cao)(cao)經甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)醇加(jia)料(liao)泵送(song)(song)(song)(song)至甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)醇加(jia)熱器(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜。精制一氧化(hua)(hua)碳以(yi)一定壓(ya)(ya)力及(ji)一定流量(liang)(liang)由(you)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜底(di)(di)部(bu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)釜內分(fen)(fen)(fen)配管。在攪拌器(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)用下，CO在溶液中擴散溶解。在催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)、碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)促進(jin)(jin)(jin)劑(ji)及(ji)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)氫(qing)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用下，CO與(yu)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)醇在反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜內生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)酸。經反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜冷凝器(qi)冷卻后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)(jin)人冷凝液分(fen)(fen)(fen)離器(qi)。含有大(da)量(liang)(liang)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)、醋(cu)酸、醋(cu)酸甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)酯等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)冷凝液送(song)(song)(song)(song)回(hui)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜，冷卻后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體進(jin)(jin)(jin)人高壓(ya)(ya)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，用貧(pin)(pin)液（醋(cu)酸）吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)氣(qi)(qi)體中的(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)，吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)了碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)的(de)(de)(de)富液從高壓(ya)(ya)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)底(di)(di)部(bu)排出(chu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)尾氣(qi)(qi)去(qu)火炬系統(tong)(tong)。反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜內生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)醋(cu)酸及(ji)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)液在閃蒸(zheng)罐內閃蒸(zheng)后(hou)(hou)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)液兩相。液體經催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)循環(huan)泵送(song)(song)(song)(song)回(hui)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜。含有醋(cu)酸、碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)、碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)氫(qing)、水及(ji)醋(cu)酸甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)酯等(deng)(deng)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)相去(qu)初(chu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行提純。來自閃蒸(zheng)罐氣(qi)(qi)相物料(liao)中的(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)氫(qing)以(yi)及(ji)夾帶的(de)(de)(de)少量(liang)(liang)催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)，在初(chu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)底(di)(di)部(bu)靠位差返回(hui)閃蒸(zheng)罐。初(chu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)蒸(zheng)餾得到的(de)(de)(de)粗醋(cu)酸由(you)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)側(ce)中部(bu)取(qu)出(chu)，送(song)(song)(song)(song)至脫水塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。脫水塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)相與(yu)初(chu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)相一道送(song)(song)(song)(song)至低(di)壓(ya)(ya)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)后(hou)(hou)尾氣(qi)(qi)去(qu)火炬系統(tong)(tong)，液體送(song)(song)(song)(song)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品醋(cu)酸由(you)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)側(ce)部(bu)取(qu)出(chu)，冷卻后(hou)(hou)送(song)(song)(song)(song)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品中間儲(chu)槽(cao)(cao)。含丙酸以(yi)及(ji)金屬碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)物的(de)(de)(de)高沸點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)溶液由(you)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)底(di)(di)部(bu)送(song)(song)(song)(song)往(wang)(wang)汽(qi)提塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)系統(tong)(tong)，以(yi)回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)醋(cu)酸，塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)底(di)(di)重組(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)進(jin)(jin)(jin)一步處理回(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)貧(pin)(pin)液用循環(huan)水冷卻后(hou)(hou)，一部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)送(song)(song)(song)(song)往(wang)(wang)高壓(ya)(ya)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)作(zuo)(zuo)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)劑(ji)；另一部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)送(song)(song)(song)(song)往(wang)(wang)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)作(zuo)(zuo)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)劑(ji)，循環(huan)使用。

三、醋酸(suan)裝置的配管設計

  主要是對塔、罐、泵、反應器等設備的配管設計(ji)。