一、裝置(zhi)簡介

  醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)是重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)有(you)機化(hua)工(gong)(gong)原料之一(yi)，廣(guang)泛用于合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)纖維、涂(tu)料、醫(yi)藥、農藥、食品添加劑、染織等(deng)工(gong)(gong)業，是國民經濟(ji)的(de)(de)一(yi)個重(zhong)要(yao)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)部分。醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)有(you)乙醛氧(yang)化(hua)法(fa)(fa)（乙醇和(he)乙烯法(fa)(fa)）、乙烷和(he)甲(jia)烷氧(yang)化(hua)法(fa)(fa)以及甲(jia)醇羰基(ji)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)等(deng)。生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)不同(tong)，操作條(tiao)件及工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)介質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)腐蝕性也(ye)不同(tong)，對設(she)(she)備和(he)管(guan)道材料的(de)(de)要(yao)求也(ye)不同(tong)。甲(jia)醇低壓羰基(ji)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流(liu)程簡單，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能大，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)量高(gao)，是目前最先進的(de)(de)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，也(ye)是國內外醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)主流(liu)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。羰基(ji)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)介質(zhi)(zhi)腐蝕性強，對設(she)(she)備管(guan)道材料有(you)特殊的(de)(de)要(yao)求。

二、典型羰基合(he)成醋酸工(gong)藝流(liu)程

  甲醇(chun)低(di)壓羰基合成醋酸技術由美國Monsanto公司實現工業化，其(qi)工藝流程示(shi)意圖如(ru)圖2.36所(suo)示(shi)。

  甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)低壓羰基(ji)合成醋(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產工藝大致可分(fen)為反(fan)應、精制(zhi)、輕組(zu)分(fen)回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)、催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)的(de)(de)制(zhi)備(bei)與(yu)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)等(deng)工序(xu)。甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)由(you)甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)中(zhong)間(jian)儲槽(cao)經甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)加(jia)料(liao)泵送(song)(song)至(zhi)甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)加(jia)熱(re)器(qi)進(jin)入(ru)反(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)。精制(zhi)一氧化(hua)碳以(yi)一定壓力及(ji)一定流量由(you)反(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)底(di)部(bu)(bu)進(jin)入(ru)釜(fu)(fu)內分(fen)配管(guan)。在(zai)(zai)攪拌(ban)器(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)下，CO在(zai)(zai)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)擴散溶解。在(zai)(zai)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)、碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)烷促進(jin)劑(ji)及(ji)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)氫(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下，CO與(yu)甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)在(zai)(zai)反(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)內生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成醋(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)。經反(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器(qi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻后(hou)進(jin)人(ren)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)液(ye)(ye)(ye)分(fen)離器(qi)。含有(you)大量碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)烷、醋(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、醋(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)甲(jia)(jia)酯等(deng)的(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)液(ye)(ye)(ye)送(song)(song)回(hui)(hui)(hui)反(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)，冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻后(hou)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體進(jin)人(ren)高(gao)(gao)壓吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)，用(yong)貧液(ye)(ye)(ye)（醋(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)）吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)氣(qi)(qi)體中(zhong)的(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)烷，吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)了碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)烷的(de)(de)富液(ye)(ye)(ye)從高(gao)(gao)壓吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)底(di)部(bu)(bu)排出(chu)進(jin)入(ru)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)進(jin)行(xing)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)后(hou)的(de)(de)尾氣(qi)(qi)去(qu)火炬系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。反(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)內生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成的(de)(de)醋(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)及(ji)反(fan)應液(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)閃蒸(zheng)(zheng)罐(guan)內閃蒸(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)形成氣(qi)(qi)液(ye)(ye)(ye)兩(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)。液(ye)(ye)(ye)體經催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)循環(huan)(huan)(huan)泵送(song)(song)回(hui)(hui)(hui)反(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)。含有(you)醋(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)烷、碘(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)氫(qing)(qing)、水(shui)及(ji)醋(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)甲(jia)(jia)酯等(deng)組(zu)分(fen)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)去(qu)初分(fen)塔(ta)(ta)進(jin)行(xing)提(ti)純。來(lai)自(zi)閃蒸(zheng)(zheng)罐(guan)氣(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)物料(liao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)氫(qing)(qing)以(yi)及(ji)夾帶的(de)(de)少量催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)，在(zai)(zai)初分(fen)塔(ta)(ta)底(di)部(bu)(bu)靠(kao)位差(cha)返(fan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)閃蒸(zheng)(zheng)罐(guan)。初分(fen)塔(ta)(ta)蒸(zheng)(zheng)餾得到的(de)(de)粗醋(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)由(you)塔(ta)(ta)側(ce)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)取出(chu)，送(song)(song)至(zhi)脫(tuo)水(shui)塔(ta)(ta)。脫(tuo)水(shui)塔(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)初分(fen)塔(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)一道送(song)(song)至(zhi)低壓吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)，回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)烷后(hou)尾氣(qi)(qi)去(qu)火炬系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，液(ye)(ye)(ye)體送(song)(song)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)，成品醋(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)由(you)成品塔(ta)(ta)側(ce)部(bu)(bu)取出(chu)，冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻后(hou)送(song)(song)成品中(zhong)間(jian)儲槽(cao)。含丙酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)以(yi)及(ji)金(jin)屬碘(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)物的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)沸點的(de)(de)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)由(you)塔(ta)(ta)底(di)部(bu)(bu)送(song)(song)往汽提(ti)塔(ta)(ta)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，以(yi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)醋(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)，塔(ta)(ta)底(di)重組(zu)分(fen)進(jin)一步處理回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)。再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)后(hou)的(de)(de)貧液(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)循環(huan)(huan)(huan)水(shui)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻后(hou)，一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)送(song)(song)往高(gao)(gao)壓吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)作(zuo)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)劑(ji)；另一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)送(song)(song)往低壓吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)作(zuo)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)劑(ji)，循環(huan)(huan)(huan)使用(yong)。

三、醋酸裝置的配管設計

  主要(yao)是(shi)對塔、罐、泵、反應器等設備的配管設計。