一、裝置簡介

  醋(cu)酸是(shi)(shi)(shi)重要的(de)有機化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)原料之一，廣泛用(yong)于合(he)成(cheng)纖維、涂料、醫藥(yao)、農藥(yao)、食品(pin)添加劑、染織等(deng)(deng)工(gong)(gong)業，是(shi)(shi)(shi)國民經濟的(de)一個重要組成(cheng)部分。醋(cu)酸生產(chan)的(de)方法有乙(yi)醛氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)法（乙(yi)醇和(he)乙(yi)烯法）、乙(yi)烷和(he)甲烷氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)法以及甲醇羰基(ji)合(he)成(cheng)法等(deng)(deng)。生產(chan)的(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)同(tong)，操作條件及工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)介質(zhi)的(de)組成(cheng)和(he)腐(fu)蝕性(xing)也(ye)不(bu)同(tong)，對設(she)備和(he)管道材(cai)料的(de)要求也(ye)不(bu)同(tong)。甲醇低壓羰基(ji)合(he)成(cheng)醋(cu)酸工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流程簡單，產(chan)能(neng)大，產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量高，是(shi)(shi)(shi)目(mu)前最(zui)先(xian)進(jin)的(de)醋(cu)酸生產(chan)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)國內外醋(cu)酸生產(chan)的(de)主流工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。羰基(ji)合(he)成(cheng)醋(cu)酸的(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)介質(zhi)腐(fu)蝕性(xing)強，對設(she)備管道材(cai)料有特殊的(de)要求。

二、典型羰基合成醋酸工藝流程

  甲醇低壓羰基合成醋(cu)酸技術由美國(guo)Monsanto公司實現工業(ye)化，其工藝流(liu)程示意圖如圖2.36所示。

  甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)低壓羰基合成醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)生產工藝大致可分(fen)為反(fan)應(ying)、精(jing)制、輕組分(fen)回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)、催化劑(ji)的制備(bei)與再(zai)生等(deng)工序。甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)由(you)(you)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間儲槽經甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)加料(liao)泵送(song)(song)(song)(song)至(zhi)(zhi)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)加熱器(qi)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)反(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)(fu)(fu)。精(jing)制一(yi)氧(yang)化碳以一(yi)定壓力及一(yi)定流量(liang)由(you)(you)反(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)(fu)(fu)底部(bu)(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)釜(fu)(fu)(fu)內分(fen)配管。在(zai)(zai)攪拌器(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)下(xia)，CO在(zai)(zai)溶液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)擴散(san)溶解。在(zai)(zai)催化劑(ji)、碘(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)促進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)及碘(dian)化氫(qing)的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)下(xia)，CO與甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)在(zai)(zai)反(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)(fu)(fu)內生成醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)。經反(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)(fu)(fu)冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器(qi)冷(leng)(leng)卻后進(jin)(jin)人冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)液(ye)分(fen)離器(qi)。含(han)(han)有(you)(you)大量(liang)碘(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)、醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酯等(deng)的冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)液(ye)送(song)(song)(song)(song)回(hui)(hui)(hui)反(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)(fu)(fu)，冷(leng)(leng)卻后的氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)進(jin)(jin)人高(gao)壓吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)，用(yong)(yong)貧液(ye)（醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)）吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的碘(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)，吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)了(le)碘(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)的富液(ye)從高(gao)壓吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)底部(bu)(bu)(bu)排(pai)出(chu)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)再(zai)生塔(ta)(ta)(ta)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)再(zai)生。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)后的尾氣(qi)(qi)去火炬系(xi)統。反(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)(fu)(fu)內生成的醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)及反(fan)應(ying)液(ye)在(zai)(zai)閃蒸罐(guan)內閃蒸后形成氣(qi)(qi)液(ye)兩相。液(ye)體(ti)經催化劑(ji)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)泵送(song)(song)(song)(song)回(hui)(hui)(hui)反(fan)應(ying)釜(fu)(fu)(fu)。含(han)(han)有(you)(you)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、碘(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)、碘(dian)化氫(qing)、水(shui)及醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酯等(deng)組分(fen)的氣(qi)(qi)相去初(chu)分(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)提純(chun)。來自閃蒸罐(guan)氣(qi)(qi)相物(wu)料(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的碘(dian)化氫(qing)以及夾帶的少量(liang)催化劑(ji)，在(zai)(zai)初(chu)分(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)底部(bu)(bu)(bu)靠位差返回(hui)(hui)(hui)閃蒸罐(guan)。初(chu)分(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)蒸餾得(de)到的粗醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)由(you)(you)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)側(ce)(ce)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)取出(chu)，送(song)(song)(song)(song)至(zhi)(zhi)脫水(shui)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)。脫水(shui)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)相與初(chu)分(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)相一(yi)道送(song)(song)(song)(song)至(zhi)(zhi)低壓吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)，回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)碘(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)后尾氣(qi)(qi)去火炬系(xi)統，液(ye)體(ti)送(song)(song)(song)(song)再(zai)生塔(ta)(ta)(ta)，成品醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)由(you)(you)成品塔(ta)(ta)(ta)側(ce)(ce)部(bu)(bu)(bu)取出(chu)，冷(leng)(leng)卻后送(song)(song)(song)(song)成品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間儲槽。含(han)(han)丙酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)以及金屬碘(dian)化物(wu)的高(gao)沸點的溶液(ye)由(you)(you)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)底部(bu)(bu)(bu)送(song)(song)(song)(song)往汽提塔(ta)(ta)(ta)系(xi)統，以回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)，塔(ta)(ta)(ta)底重(zhong)組分(fen)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步處理回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。再(zai)生塔(ta)(ta)(ta)再(zai)生后的貧液(ye)用(yong)(yong)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)水(shui)冷(leng)(leng)卻后，一(yi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)送(song)(song)(song)(song)往高(gao)壓吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)作(zuo)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)劑(ji)；另一(yi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)送(song)(song)(song)(song)往低壓吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)作(zuo)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)劑(ji)，循(xun)(xun)環(huan)使用(yong)(yong)。

三、醋酸裝(zhuang)置的(de)配管(guan)設計

  主要是對塔、罐、泵、反應(ying)器等設(she)備的配管設(she)計。