反(fan)(fan)應(ying)過(guo)程的(de)(de)基本特征決定了(le)適(shi)宜的(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)形式。例如氣(qi)固相(xiang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)過(guo)程大致是用固定床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)、流化(hua)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)或移動床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)。但(dan)是適(shi)宜的(de)(de)選型(xing)則需考慮反(fan)(fan)應(ying)的(de)(de)熱效應(ying)、對反(fan)(fan)應(ying)轉化(hua)率(lv)(lv)和選擇率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)要求、催化(hua)劑物理化(hua)學性(xing)態和失活(huo)等多種因素。
不銹鋼反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)的操作方式(shi)和加(jia)料方式(shi)也需考(kao)慮。例如，對于(yu)(yu)有串(chuan)聯或平行副反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)的過(guo)程，分段進料可能優于(yu)(yu)一(yi)次進料。溫度(du)(du)序列也是反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)選型的一(yi)個重要(yao)因素。例如，對于(yu)(yu)放熱(re)的可逆反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)，應(ying)采用(yong)先高后低的溫度(du)(du)序列，多級(ji)、級(ji)間(jian)換熱(re)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)可使反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)的溫度(du)(du)序列趨(qu)于(yu)(yu)合理。
下面主要介紹(shao)釜式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、管式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、塔式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、固定床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、流(liu)化床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。
①. 釜式反(fan)應器
釜(fu)式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)也(ye)稱(cheng)槽式(shi)、鍋式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)，它是各類(lei)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)中結構較為簡單(dan)且(qie)(qie)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)較廣的(de)一種。主要應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于液(ye)(ye)-液(ye)(ye)均(jun)相反應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，在(zai)氣-液(ye)(ye)、液(ye)(ye)-液(ye)(ye)非均(jun)相反應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中也(ye)有應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。在(zai)化工(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)產中，既適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于間歇操(cao)作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，又可單(dan)釜(fu)或多(duo)釜(fu)串聯用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于連續操(cao)作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，但在(zai)間歇生(sheng)(sheng)產過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)最(zui)多(duo)。釜(fu)式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)具有適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)溫度和壓力范圍寬、適應(ying)(ying)(ying)性強(qiang)、操(cao)作(zuo)彈性大、連續操(cao)作(zuo)時溫度濃度容易控制、產品質量均(jun)一等特(te)點。但用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)較高(gao)轉(zhuan)化率(lv)工(gong)藝要求時，需要較大容積。通常在(zai)操(cao)作(zuo)條(tiao)件比較緩和的(de)情(qing)況下(xia)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，如常壓、溫度較低且(qie)(qie)低于物料(liao)沸點時，應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)此類(lei)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)最(zui)為普遍。
②. 管式反應器
管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)相(xiang)、液相(xiang)、氣(qi)-液相(xiang)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)，由單根（直管(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)）連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)或(huo)多(duo)(duo)根平行排列的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)組成，一(yi)般設(she)有套管(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)殼管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)換熱裝置。操(cao)作時，物料自一(yi)端(duan)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)加(jia)入，在(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，從(cong)另一(yi)端(duan)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)流(liu)出，便(bian)達(da)到(dao)了(le)要(yao)求的(de)(de)轉化(hua)率。由于(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)能承受較高的(de)(de)壓(ya)力，故用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)加(jia)壓(ya)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)尤為合適(shi)，例如油(you)脂或(huo)脂肪酸(suan)加(jia)氫生產(chan)高碳醇、裂解反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)爐便(bian)是(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)。此種反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)具(ju)有容積(ji)小、比表面大、返(fan)混少、反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)混合物連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)性變(bian)化(hua)、易于(yu)控制等優點(dian)。但若反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)速(su)度較慢時，則有所需管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)長、壓(ya)降較大等不足。隨(sui)著化(hua)工(gong)生產(chan)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)趨(qu)于(yu)大型(xing)化(hua)、連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)化(hua)、自動化(hua)，連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)操(cao)作的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)在(zai)生產(chan)中(zhong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)多(duo)(duo)，某些傳統上一(yi)直使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)間歇攪拌釜(fu)的(de)(de)高分子(zi)(zi)聚(ju)合反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，目(mu)前也開始改用(yong)(yong)(yong)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)操(cao)作的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)的(de)(de)長徑比較大，與釜(fu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)相(xiang)比在(zai)結構上差異較大，有直管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、多(duo)(duo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)等。
③. 塔(ta)式反應器
塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)徑比介于(yu)釜式(shi)和管(guan)式(shi)之間。主(zhu)要用于(yu)氣(qi)-液(ye)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)，常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)有鼓(gu)泡塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)、填料塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)、板(ban)式(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。最常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)是鼓(gu)泡塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)，底部裝有氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)布器(qi)(qi)，殼外(wai)裝有夾套或其(qi)他形(xing)式(shi)換熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)或設(she)有擴大段、液(ye)滴捕集器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。反(fan)(fan)應(ying)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)通(tong)過(guo)分(fen)布器(qi)(qi)上的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)孔(kong)以鼓(gu)泡形(xing)式(shi)通(tong)過(guo)液(ye)層(ceng)進行化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)間歇或連續(xu)(xu)加入(ru)，連續(xu)(xu)加入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)可(ke)以和氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)并(bing)(bing)流或逆流，一般采(cai)用并(bing)(bing)流形(xing)式(shi)較(jiao)多。氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)內為分(fen)散相(xiang)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)為連續(xu)(xu)相(xiang)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)返(fan)混(hun)程(cheng)度較(jiao)大。為了提高(gao)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)散程(cheng)度和減少液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)軸向循環(huan)，可(ke)以在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)內安(an)置水平(ping)多孔(kong)隔板(ban)。當吸收或反(fan)(fan)應(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)熱(re)(re)(re)效(xiao)應(ying)不大時，可(ke)采(cai)用夾套換熱(re)(re)(re)裝置，熱(re)(re)(re)效(xiao)應(ying)較(jiao)大時，可(ke)在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)內增(zeng)設(she)換熱(re)(re)(re)蛇管(guan)或采(cai)用塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)外(wai)換熱(re)(re)(re)裝置，也可(ke)以利用反(fan)(fan)應(ying)液(ye)蒸發的(de)(de)(de)方法帶走熱(re)(re)(re)量。
④. 固定(ding)床反應器
固(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)板反(fan)(fan)(fan)應器(qi)是指流(liu)體(ti)(ti)通過靜止不動的(de)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)物(wu)料(liao)所(suo)形成的(de)床(chuang)層而(er)進行(xing)化學反(fan)(fan)(fan)應的(de)設(she)備(bei)。以(yi)氣-固(gu)(gu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應的(de)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應器(qi)最常見。固(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應器(qi)根據床(chuang)層數的(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)少又可分(fen)為(wei)單段(duan)式(shi)(shi)和(he)多(duo)(duo)(duo)段(duan)式(shi)(shi)兩種類型(xing)。單段(duan)式(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)般為(wei)高徑比不大的(de)圓(yuan)筒體(ti)(ti)，在(zai)圓(yuan)筒體(ti)(ti)下部裝(zhuang)有柵板等板件，其上為(wei)催化劑(ji)床(chuang)層，均(jun)勻地堆置一(yi)(yi)定(ding)厚度(du)的(de)催化劑(ji)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)顆粒。單段(duan)式(shi)(shi)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應器(qi)結(jie)構簡單、造價便宜、反(fan)(fan)(fan)應器(qi)體(ti)(ti)積利用率(lv)高。多(duo)(duo)(duo)段(duan)式(shi)(shi)是在(zai)圓(yuan)筒體(ti)(ti)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應器(qi)內(nei)設(she)有多(duo)(duo)(duo)個催化劑(ji)床(chuang)層，在(zai)各床(chuang)層之間可采用多(duo)(duo)(duo)種方式(shi)(shi)進行(xing)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應物(wu)料(liao)的(de)換熱。其特點是便于控制調節反(fan)(fan)(fan)應溫度(du)，防止反(fan)(fan)(fan)應溫度(du)超出允許范(fan)圍。
⑤. 流化床反應器
細小的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)(gu)體(ti)顆(ke)粒被(bei)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動著的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)攜(xie)帶，具有(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)一樣自由流(liu)(liu)(liu)動的(de)(de)(de)性質，此種(zhong)現象稱為固(gu)(gu)(gu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。一般(ban)(ban)把反(fan)(fan)(fan)應器(qi)和(he)在(zai)其中(zhong)呈(cheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)(gu)體(ti)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑顆(ke)粒合(he)在(zai)一起，稱為流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應器(qi)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應器(qi)多用(yong)于氣-固(gu)(gu)(gu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應過程(cheng)。當原料(liao)氣通過反(fan)(fan)(fan)應器(qi)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層時，催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑顆(ke)粒受氣流(liu)(liu)(liu)作用(yong)而(er)懸浮(fu)起來(lai)呈(cheng)翻滾沸騰狀，原料(liao)氣在(zai)處于流(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑表面進行化(hua)(hua)(hua)學反(fan)(fan)(fan)應，此時的(de)(de)(de)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層即為流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，也叫沸騰床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)很多，但一般(ban)(ban)都由殼體(ti)、內部構件(jian)、固(gu)(gu)(gu)體(ti)顆(ke)粒裝(zhuang)卸設備及氣體(ti)分布、傳熱(re)、氣固(gu)(gu)(gu)分離裝(zhuang)置等構成(cheng)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應器(qi)也可根據床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層結構分為圓筒式(shi)(shi)、圓錐式(shi)(shi)和(he)多管式(shi)(shi)等類型。
不(bu)同類型(xing)反應器在工業(ye)生(sheng)產中的(de)適用情況(kuang)見(jian)表6.2。不(bu)同結構形式的(de)反應器在工業(ye)裝(zhuang)置中的(de)應用舉例見(jian)表6.3。
