反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程的(de)(de)基(ji)本特征(zheng)決定(ding)了(le)適宜(yi)的(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)形式。例如(ru)氣固(gu)相(xiang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程大致是(shi)(shi)用固(gu)定(ding)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)、流化床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)或移動床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)。但是(shi)(shi)適宜(yi)的(de)(de)選型則(ze)需(xu)考慮(lv)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)熱效應(ying)(ying)(ying)、對反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)轉化率(lv)和(he)選擇率(lv)的(de)(de)要求、催化劑物理化學性態和(he)失活等多種因素。
不(bu)銹鋼反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)操作方式和加料方式也需考慮。例如(ru)，對于有(you)串聯或平(ping)行(xing)副反(fan)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)，分段進(jin)料可能優(you)于一(yi)次進(jin)料。溫(wen)(wen)度(du)序(xu)列也是反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)選型的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個重要因(yin)素。例如(ru)，對于放熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)可逆(ni)反(fan)應(ying)，應(ying)采用先高后(hou)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)序(xu)列，多級、級間(jian)換熱式反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)可使反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)序(xu)列趨于合(he)理(li)。
下(xia)面(mian)主要介紹釜(fu)式反應(ying)器(qi)、管式反應(ying)器(qi)、塔式反應(ying)器(qi)、固定床(chuang)反應(ying)器(qi)、流化床(chuang)反應(ying)器(qi)。
①. 釜式反(fan)應器(qi)
釜式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器也(ye)(ye)稱槽式(shi)、鍋(guo)式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器，它(ta)是(shi)各類(lei)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器中(zhong)結構較(jiao)(jiao)為簡單且應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)廣的一種。主要應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)于(yu)液-液均(jun)相(xiang)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)氣-液、液-液非均(jun)相(xiang)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)有應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)。在(zai)(zai)化工(gong)(gong)生產(chan)中(zhong)，既適用(yong)于(yu)間歇(xie)操(cao)(cao)作過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，又可單釜或(huo)多釜串聯用(yong)于(yu)連(lian)續操(cao)(cao)作過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，但(dan)在(zai)(zai)間歇(xie)生產(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)最多。釜式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器具有適用(yong)的溫(wen)度和壓力范圍寬(kuan)、適應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)性(xing)強、操(cao)(cao)作彈性(xing)大(da)、連(lian)續操(cao)(cao)作時溫(wen)度濃度容(rong)易控制、產(chan)品質量均(jun)一等特點。但(dan)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)轉化率工(gong)(gong)藝要求時，需要較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)容(rong)積。通常在(zai)(zai)操(cao)(cao)作條件比較(jiao)(jiao)緩和的情(qing)況下使(shi)用(yong)，如常壓、溫(wen)度較(jiao)(jiao)低且低于(yu)物料沸點時，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)此(ci)類(lei)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器最為普遍。
②. 管(guan)式反應器(qi)
管(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)主要用(yong)于(yu)氣相(xiang)、液相(xiang)、氣-液相(xiang)連(lian)續(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程，由單根(gen)（直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)或(huo)盤(pan)管(guan)(guan)）連(lian)續(xu)或(huo)多(duo)(duo)根(gen)平行排列的(de)管(guan)(guan)子(zi)組(zu)成，一般設有套(tao)管(guan)(guan)或(huo)殼(ke)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)換(huan)熱裝置。操(cao)作時，物(wu)料(liao)自一端(duan)(duan)連(lian)續(xu)加(jia)入，在(zai)(zai)管(guan)(guan)中連(lian)續(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，從另一端(duan)(duan)連(lian)續(xu)流(liu)出(chu)，便(bian)達(da)到了要求(qiu)的(de)轉化(hua)率。由于(yu)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)能承受較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)壓力，故用(yong)于(yu)加(jia)壓反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)尤為(wei)合適，例如油脂(zhi)或(huo)脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸(suan)加(jia)氫生產高(gao)碳(tan)醇、裂解反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)的(de)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)爐便(bian)是管(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)。此種反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)具有容積小、比(bi)表面大(da)(da)、返混少(shao)、反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)混合物(wu)連(lian)續(xu)性變化(hua)、易于(yu)控制等(deng)優點。但(dan)若反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)速(su)度較(jiao)慢時，則有所需管(guan)(guan)子(zi)長、壓降(jiang)較(jiao)大(da)(da)等(deng)不足。隨著化(hua)工生產越(yue)來越(yue)趨(qu)于(yu)大(da)(da)型化(hua)、連(lian)續(xu)化(hua)、自動化(hua)，連(lian)續(xu)操(cao)作的(de)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)生產中使用(yong)越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo)(duo)，某些(xie)傳統(tong)上一直(zhi)使用(yong)間歇(xie)攪(jiao)拌釜(fu)的(de)高(gao)分子(zi)聚(ju)合反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，目前也(ye)開始改用(yong)連(lian)續(xu)操(cao)作的(de)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)。管(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)的(de)長徑比(bi)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，與釜(fu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)相(xiang)比(bi)在(zai)(zai)結(jie)構上差(cha)異較(jiao)大(da)(da)，有直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、盤(pan)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、多(duo)(duo)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)。
③. 塔式(shi)反(fan)應器(qi)
塔(ta)式反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長徑(jing)比(bi)介于釜式和管式之間。主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)于氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)-液(ye)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有鼓泡塔(ta)、填(tian)料塔(ta)、板式塔(ta)。最常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)鼓泡塔(ta)式反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)，底部裝(zhuang)有氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)分布(bu)器(qi)(qi)，殼外(wai)裝(zhuang)有夾套或(huo)其他(ta)形式換熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)或(huo)設有擴(kuo)大段(duan)、液(ye)滴捕集器(qi)(qi)等。反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)通過分布(bu)器(qi)(qi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)小孔以(yi)鼓泡形式通過液(ye)層進行(xing)化(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)間歇或(huo)連續(xu)加(jia)(jia)入，連續(xu)加(jia)(jia)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)可以(yi)和氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)并流或(huo)逆(ni)流，一般采用(yong)(yong)并流形式較(jiao)多(duo)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)在塔(ta)內為(wei)分散相，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)為(wei)連續(xu)相，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)返混程度(du)較(jiao)大。為(wei)了提高氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)分散程度(du)和減(jian)少(shao)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)軸向(xiang)循(xun)環，可以(yi)在塔(ta)內安置水(shui)平多(duo)孔隔(ge)板。當吸收或(huo)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程熱(re)(re)(re)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)不大時，可采用(yong)(yong)夾套換熱(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)置，熱(re)(re)(re)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)較(jiao)大時，可在塔(ta)內增設換熱(re)(re)(re)蛇管或(huo)采用(yong)(yong)塔(ta)外(wai)換熱(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)置，也可以(yi)利用(yong)(yong)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)液(ye)蒸發的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法帶走熱(re)(re)(re)量。
④. 固定(ding)床反應器
固定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)板反應器(qi)(qi)是指流體(ti)通過靜止不動的(de)(de)(de)固體(ti)物料(liao)所形成的(de)(de)(de)床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)而進(jin)行化(hua)學反應的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備。以氣(qi)-固反應的(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反應器(qi)(qi)最(zui)常見(jian)。固定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反應器(qi)(qi)根據床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)數的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)少又可(ke)分為(wei)單(dan)段(duan)(duan)式(shi)和(he)多(duo)(duo)段(duan)(duan)式(shi)兩種類型(xing)。單(dan)段(duan)(duan)式(shi)一(yi)般為(wei)高徑比(bi)不大(da)的(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)(yuan)筒體(ti)，在(zai)圓(yuan)(yuan)筒體(ti)下部裝有(you)柵板等板件(jian)，其上為(wei)催化(hua)劑床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)，均勻(yun)地(di)堆置(zhi)一(yi)定(ding)厚度的(de)(de)(de)催化(hua)劑固體(ti)顆粒(li)。單(dan)段(duan)(duan)式(shi)固定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反應器(qi)(qi)結構簡單(dan)、造價便(bian)宜、反應器(qi)(qi)體(ti)積利用(yong)(yong)率(lv)高。多(duo)(duo)段(duan)(duan)式(shi)是在(zai)圓(yuan)(yuan)筒體(ti)反應器(qi)(qi)內設(she)有(you)多(duo)(duo)個催化(hua)劑床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)，在(zai)各床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)之間可(ke)采用(yong)(yong)多(duo)(duo)種方(fang)式(shi)進(jin)行反應物料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)換(huan)熱。其特(te)點是便(bian)于(yu)控制調節反應溫(wen)度，防止反應溫(wen)度超(chao)出允許范圍。
⑤. 流化床反應器
細小的(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)顆(ke)粒(li)被(bei)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動著(zhu)的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)攜帶，具有流(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)一(yi)(yi)樣自由(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動的(de)(de)性質，此(ci)種現象稱為固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。一(yi)(yi)般把反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和在(zai)(zai)其中呈流(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)顆(ke)粒(li)合在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)起，稱為流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)(duo)用(yong)于氣-固(gu)(gu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程。當(dang)原料(liao)氣通(tong)過反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)層時，催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)顆(ke)粒(li)受氣流(liu)(liu)(liu)作用(yong)而懸浮起來(lai)呈翻(fan)滾沸騰狀，原料(liao)氣在(zai)(zai)處于流(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)表面進(jin)行化(hua)(hua)(hua)學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，此(ci)時的(de)(de)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)層即為流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)，也叫(jiao)沸騰床(chuang)(chuang)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)很多(duo)(duo)，但一(yi)(yi)般都由(you)殼體(ti)(ti)(ti)、內部構件、固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)顆(ke)粒(li)裝卸(xie)設備及氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)布、傳熱、氣固(gu)(gu)分(fen)離裝置等構成。流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)也可(ke)根據床(chuang)(chuang)層結構分(fen)為圓筒式(shi)(shi)(shi)、圓錐式(shi)(shi)(shi)和多(duo)(duo)管(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)等類型。
不(bu)同類(lei)型反(fan)應(ying)器在(zai)工業生產中(zhong)的適用情況見表(biao)6.2。不(bu)同結構形式的反(fan)應(ying)器在(zai)工業裝置中(zhong)的應(ying)用舉例見表(biao)6.3。
