一(yi)、供(gong)熱系(xi)統與(yu)介質(zhi)
集(ji)中供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)是指(zhi)(zhi)一個(ge)或(huo)多個(ge)集(ji)中的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源，通過供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管(guan)網向多個(ge)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用戶(hu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，它主要由熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源、熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)網和(he)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用戶(hu)組成。其中熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源是指(zhi)(zhi)將天然或(huo)人造的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源形(xing)(xing)態轉(zhuan)化(hua)為(wei)符(fu)合供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)要求的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)裝置。熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)網是指(zhi)(zhi)由熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源向熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用戶(hu)輸送和(he)分(fen)配供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)介質(zhi)的(de)(de)管(guan)道系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用戶(hu)是指(zhi)(zhi)從熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源獲得熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)用熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置。集(ji)中供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)分(fen)類(lei)方式有三種，可以(yi)根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源分(fen)類(lei)、根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)媒分(fen)類(lei)、根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管(guan)網分(fen)類(lei)。集(ji)中供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)按熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源形(xing)(xing)式的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)可分(fen)為(wei)：熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電廠供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、區域鍋爐(lu)房供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、地熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、工業余(yu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、核供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)堆和(he)太陽能(neng)(neng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)等。集(ji)中供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)媒不(bu)同(tong)分(fen)為(wei)蒸(zheng)汽供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)水供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。
熱(re)水熱(re)力(li)網供熱(re)介質設(she)(she)(she)計壓力(li)小于或等(deng)(deng)于2.5MPa，設(she)(she)(she)計溫度小于或等(deng)(deng)于200℃；蒸汽(qi)熱(re)力(li)網供熱(re)介質設(she)(she)(she)計壓力(li)小于或等(deng)(deng)于1.6MPa，設(she)(she)(she)計溫度小于或等(deng)(deng)于350℃。
對民用建(jian)筑物采暖、通風(feng)、空調及生活熱(re)水(shui)熱(re)負荷供熱(re)的城市熱(re)力網，宜采用水(shui)作供熱(re)介質(zhi)。
對(dui)生產工藝熱(re)負荷(he)(he)和(he)采(cai)(cai)暖、通風、空調(diao)、生活(huo)熱(re)水熱(re)負荷(he)(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)的城市(shi)熱(re)力網供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)介質(zhi)(zhi)按下(xia)列原則確(que)定：當生產工藝熱(re)負荷(he)(he)為(wei)主要負荷(he)(he)，且(qie)必(bi)須采(cai)(cai)用(yong)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)時，宜采(cai)(cai)用(yong)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)介質(zhi)(zhi)；當以水位供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)介質(zhi)(zhi)能夠滿足生產工藝需要（包(bao)括在用(yong)戶處(chu)轉(zhuan)換為(wei)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)），且(qie)技(ji)術經(jing)濟合理(li)時，宜采(cai)(cai)用(yong)水作(zuo)(zuo)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)介質(zhi)(zhi)；當采(cai)(cai)暖、通風、空調(diao)熱(re)負荷(he)(he)為(wei)主要負荷(he)(he)，生產工藝又必(bi)須采(cai)(cai)用(yong)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)，經(jing)技(ji)術經(jing)濟比較(jiao)認為(wei)合理(li)時，可采(cai)(cai)用(yong)水和(he)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)兩(liang)種供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)介質(zhi)(zhi)。
1. 國家現行標準(zhun)GJJ／T 34《城鎮供(gong)熱(re)(re)管(guan)網(wang)設計(ji)(ji)規(gui)范》適(shi)用于(yu)(yu)供(gong)熱(re)(re)熱(re)(re)水介質設計(ji)(ji)壓(ya)力小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)等于(yu)(yu)2.5MPa，設計(ji)(ji)溫度小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)等于(yu)(yu)200℃；供(gong)熱(re)(re)蒸汽(qi)介質設計(ji)(ji)壓(ya)力小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)等于(yu)(yu)1.6MPa，設計(ji)(ji)溫度小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)等于(yu)(yu)350℃的下列城鎮供(gong)熱(re)(re)管(guan)網(wang)的設計(ji)(ji)：以熱(re)(re)電廠或(huo)(huo)(huo)鍋爐(lu)房為熱(re)(re)源，自熱(re)(re)切至建筑物(wu)熱(re)(re)力人口(kou)的供(gong)熱(re)(re)管(guan)網(wang)，供(gong)熱(re)(re)管(guan)網(wang)新(xin)建、擴(kuo)建或(huo)(huo)(huo)改建的管(guan)道(dao)、中斷泵站和熱(re)(re)力站等工藝系(xi)統。
2. 國家現(xian)行標準GJJ／T 81《城鎮供(gong)(gong)熱直埋熱水管(guan)道技術規程》適(shi)用于(yu)新建(jian)(jian)、改(gai)建(jian)(jian)、擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian)的設計(ji)溫度(du)小(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)150℃、設計(ji)壓力小(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)2.5MPa，DN小(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)1200mm的城鎮供(gong)(gong)熱直埋熱水管(guan)道的設計(ji)、施(shi)工(gong)、驗收(shou)和運行管(guan)理。
3. 國家現行(xing)(xing)標準GJJ／T 104《城鎮供熱直(zhi)埋(mai)蒸汽管道(dao)技術規程》適用于(yu)工作壓(ya)力小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)或等于(yu)2.5MPa，溫度(du)小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)或等于(yu)350℃，直(zhi)接埋(mai)地敷設(she)的(de)鋼質外(wai)護(hu)蒸汽保溫管道(dao)的(de)設(she)計、施工、驗(yan)收及運行(xing)(xing)維護(hu)。
二、熱(re)力(li)網(wang)的形(xing)式
供熱管(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)按(an)其平面布置形式可分為枝狀(zhuang)管(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)、環狀(zhuang)管(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)和多(duo)管(guan)(guan)制管(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)。其特點是(shi)：
1. 枝狀(zhuang)管網
從熱(re)(re)源引(yin)出主(zhu)干(gan)線(xian)沿城鎮道路(lu)向(xiang)各熱(re)(re)用(yong)戶供熱(re)(re)，形(xing)成(cheng)類(lei)似樹(shu)枝狀的(de)管網(wang)叫(jiao)枝狀管網(wang)。枝狀管網(wang)是目前我國城鎮供熱(re)(re)中普遍采用(yong)的(de)形(xing)式(shi)，它形(xing)式(shi)簡單、投資費(fei)用(yong)低，且運行管理方(fang)便，但安(an)全可(ke)靠性較(jiao)(jiao)差，當管網(wang)中距離熱(re)(re)源較(jiao)(jiao)近(jin)的(de)主(zhu)干(gan)線(xian)發生故障時，會影(ying)響較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)的(de)熱(re)(re)用(yong)戶用(yong)熱(re)(re)。
2. 環狀管網
供熱管網(wang)的主干(gan)線(xian)之間在(zai)適(shi)當位置連通構(gou)成(cheng)環形，環狀(zhuang)管網(wang)運行較(jiao)安全(quan)可靠，局部(bu)發生(sheng)故障(zhang)可通過環網(wang)供熱。但投資費用高。
3. 多管(guan)制管(guan)網
一般(ban)用(yong)(yong)于以(yi)下情況：不(bu)能間(jian)斷(duan)的(de)熱用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)；供(gong)熱系統中(zhong)熱用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)所(suo)需介質參數差別較(jiao)大(da)；熱負荷變化較(jiao)大(da)：季節性熱負荷占全年(nian)總負荷比例較(jiao)大(da)。
三(san)、熱(re)水熱(re)力網(wang)形(xing)式的確定
熱(re)(re)(re)水(shui)熱(re)(re)(re)力網宜(yi)采(cai)用(yong)閉式(shi)雙管(guan)制。以熱(re)(re)(re)電廠為熱(re)(re)(re)源的熱(re)(re)(re)水(shui)熱(re)(re)(re)力網，同時有工藝(yi)、采(cai)暖、通風、空調、生(sheng)活(huo)熱(re)(re)(re)水(shui)多種熱(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)，在生(sheng)產工藝(yi)熱(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)與采(cai)暖熱(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)所(suo)需供熱(re)(re)(re)介質(zhi)參(can)數相差較(jiao)大(da)，或(huo)季節性熱(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)占(zhan)總熱(re)(re)(re)負荷(he)比(bi)例較(jiao)大(da)，且技術經(jing)濟合理時，可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)閉式(shi)多管(guan)制。
當熱(re)水(shui)熱(re)力網具有水(shui)處(chu)理費(fei)用較低的豐富的補給水(shui)資源，且(qie)技術經濟合理時，可采用開式(shi)熱(re)力網。
當熱(re)水(shui)熱(re)力網(wang)具有與生活熱(re)水(shui)熱(re)負(fu)荷(he)相(xiang)適應的廉價低(di)位能熱(re)源，且技術經濟合(he)理時，可(ke)采(cai)用開式熱(re)水(shui)網(wang)。
開式熱(re)水熱(re)力網在生活熱(re)水熱(re)負荷足夠大且技術經濟(ji)合(he)理時，可不設(she)回(hui)水管。
四(si)、蒸汽熱(re)力(li)網(wang)形式的(de)確(que)定
蒸汽熱(re)力網(wang)宜(yi)采用(yong)單管制。當(dang)各用(yong)戶(hu)間所需(xu)蒸汽參數相(xiang)差較(jiao)大或(huo)季節性熱(re)負(fu)荷(he)占總(zong)熱(re)負(fu)荷(he)比例較(jiao)大且(qie)技術經(jing)濟合(he)理(li)時，蒸汽熱(re)力網(wang)可采用(yong)雙管或(huo)多管制。
蒸汽(qi)(qi)熱(re)力網的(de)熱(re)負(fu)荷分期增長時，可采用(yong)雙管或多管制。蒸汽(qi)(qi)供熱(re)系統應創造條件采用(yong)間接換熱(re)系統。當被加熱(re)介(jie)質泄漏不(bu)會(hui)產生危害時，其凝結水應全部回收并設(she)置(zhi)凝結水管道。
當凝(ning)(ning)結(jie)(jie)水(shui)回(hui)收時，用(yong)戶熱力站應設(she)閉式凝(ning)(ning)結(jie)(jie)水(shui)箱，用(yong)水(shui)泵將凝(ning)(ning)結(jie)(jie)水(shui)送回(hui)熱源。
五(wu)、多(duo)供熱源熱力網形式的(de)確定
供熱建筑面積大于1000×104㎡的供熱系統應采用多熱源供熱，且各熱源熱力干線應連通。在技術經濟合理時，熱力網干線可連接成環狀管網。對供熱可靠性有特殊要求的用戶，有條件時應由兩個熱源供熱，或者設自備熱源。
