一(yi)、爆破片概述
爆(bao)破(po)片的(de)(de)作用是在設備或管道(dao)壓(ya)力突然升高尚未引(yin)起爆(bao)炸前，由(you)于(yu)爆(bao)破(po)片兩側壓(ya)力差達到預定溫度下的(de)(de)預定值時，即先行(xing)破(po)裂(lie)，排(pai)出設備或管道(dao)內的(de)(de)高壓(ya)介質。因此爆(bao)破(po)片是防止(zhi)設備或管道(dao)破(po)裂(lie)的(de)(de)一(yi)種安全(quan)泄放裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。爆(bao)破(po)片安全(quan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)具有結構簡單、靈敏、準確、無(wu)泄漏(lou)、泄放能(neng)力強等(deng)優點。能(neng)夠(gou)在黏稠、高溫、低溫、腐蝕的(de)(de)環境下可靠地(di)工作，還是超高壓(ya)容器的(de)(de)理想(xiang)安全(quan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。
爆破片典型(xing)圖見圖6.3.24。
二、爆破片的(de)分類
按(an)照結構(gou)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式來分類(lei)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)主(zhu)要有(you)三種(zhong)，即平(ping)板型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、正(zheng)(zheng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。平(ping)板型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)綜合性(xing)能較(jiao)差，主(zhu)要用于(yu)低壓(ya)(ya)和(he)超低壓(ya)(ya)工(gong)況，尤其是大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)料(liao)倉。正(zheng)(zheng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用場合較(jiao)多。對于(yu)傳統的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，其工(gong)作(zuo)原理是利用材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)拉伸強度(du)來控(kong)制爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)壓(ya)(ya)力，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)出方向與壓(ya)(ya)力作(zuo)用方向一致(zhi)。在使用中(zhong)發現，所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)都存在相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)局限(xian)：爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)時，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)碎(sui)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)會進入泄(xie)放管道；由(you)于(yu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)心厚(hou)度(du)被有(you)意減弱(ruo)，易于(yu)因疲勞而(er)提(ti)前爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)；操(cao)作(zuo)壓(ya)(ya)力不能超過爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)最小(xiao)(xiao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)壓(ya)(ya)力的(de)(de)(de)65％，由(you)此(ci)導(dao)致(zhi)了反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)出現。這種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)利用材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)抗壓(ya)(ya)強度(du)來控(kong)制其爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)壓(ya)(ya)力，較(jiao)之傳統的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，其具有(you)抗疲勞性(xing)能優良、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)時不產生碎(sui)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)且操(cao)作(zuo)壓(ya)(ya)力可達其最小(xiao)(xiao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)壓(ya)(ya)力90％以上的(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)。細分之下(xia)，反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)包(bao)括反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刻槽型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)腭(e)齒(chi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)以及反拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)刀架型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等。
三、爆破(po)片的(de)特點
爆破(po)片(pian)與安全閥比較，具有結構(gou)簡單(dan)、靈敏(min)、可靠、經(jing)濟、無(wu)泄(xie)漏、適用性(xing)強等優越(yue)性(xing)，但也(ye)有其(qi)局限性(xing)，其(qi)特點(dian)如下：
（1）密(mi)封性能好(hao)，在設備正常工(gong)作壓(ya)力下(xia)能保持嚴密(mi)不漏。
（2）泄(xie)壓反應迅速，爆破片的動作一般在2～10ms內(nei)完成，而(er)安全閥則因為機械滯后作用，全部動作時間要(yao)高(gao)1～2個(ge)數量級。
（3）對黏稠性或粉末狀污物(wu)不(bu)敏感。即使(shi)氣體中含有一定量的污物(wu)也不(bu)致影(ying)響(xiang)它的正常動作，不(bu)像安全閥那樣，容易黏結或堵塞。
（4）爆破元件（膜片）動作后不能(neng)復位，不但設(she)備內(nei)介(jie)質全部流失(shi)，設(she)備也得(de)中止運行(xing)。
（5）動作壓(ya)力不(bu)太穩(wen)定，爆破(po)片的(de)爆破(po)壓(ya)力允許偏(pian)差(cha)一般都比(bi)安(an)全閥的(de)穩(wen)定壓(ya)力允許偏(pian)差(cha)大一些(xie)。
（6）爆破片的使用壽命較短，常(chang)因(yin)疲(pi)勞而早期失效。
四(si)、爆破片的適用場所
（1）獨立的(de)(de)壓力(li)(li)容器和／或壓力(li)(li)管道系統設(she)有安全閥、爆(bao)破(po)片裝置或這二(er)者(zhe)的(de)(de)組(zu)合裝置。
（2）滿足下列(lie)情(qing)況之(zhi)一應優先選用(yong)爆破片：
①. 壓力(li)有(you)可能迅速(su)上升的；
②. 泄放(fang)介(jie)(jie)質含(han)有顆(ke)粒、易(yi)沉淀、易(yi)結晶、易(yi)聚合和介(jie)(jie)質黏度較大；
③. 泄放介質有強腐蝕(shi)性，使用安全(quan)閥(fa)時其價值很高(gao)；
④. 工藝介質十分昂貴或有劇毒，在工作過程中不允許有任何(he)泄漏，應與安全閥串聯使用(yong)；
⑤. 工作壓力(li)很(hen)低或(huo)很(hen)高(gao)時，選用安全閥(fa)則其制造比較困難；
⑥. 當使用溫(wen)度較低而影(ying)響安全閥工作特(te)性(xing)時；
⑦. 需要(yao)較大泄放面積。
（3）對于一次(ci)性使用的(de)管路系(xi)統（如開車(che)吹掃(sao)的(de)管路放空系(xi)統），爆破(po)片的(de)破(po)裂不(bu)影響(xiang)操作和生產(chan)的(de)場(chang)合，設(she)置爆破(po)片。
（4）為(wei)減少爆破片破裂后的工(gong)藝(yi)介質的損失，可與安全閥串聯(lian)使用。
（5）作為(wei)壓(ya)力容器的附加安(an)全設施，可(ke)與安(an)全閥并聯(lian)使用，例如(ru)爆(bao)破片僅用于(yu)火災(zai)情(qing)況下的超壓(ya)泄放。
（6）為增(zeng)加異常工況（如火災等）下的泄放(fang)面積，爆(bao)破片可并聯使用。
（7）爆破片不適用于經常超壓(ya)和溫度波(bo)動(dong)很大(da)的(de)場合。
五、爆破片選用程(cheng)序(xu)
（1）確定被保護設(she)備或壓力管(guan)道(dao)系統是否需要設(she)置爆破片。
（2）根(gen)據工藝介(jie)質(zhi)和操(cao)作(zuo)條(tiao)件確定爆破片的形式及材料(liao)。
（3）根據被保(bao)護(hu)管道系統的最高(gao)壓力及(ji)選(xuan)用的爆(bao)破片形(xing)式，按標準規范確(que)定爆(bao)破片的最小標定爆(bao)破壓力，設計爆(bao)破壓力。
（4）根據工藝條(tiao)件、物理(li)參數(shu)計算爆破(po)片的安(an)全泄(xie)放量，選定爆破(po)片的泄(xie)放面積和泄(xie)放口徑。
（5）填(tian)寫爆破片裝置規格書，提供給材(cai)料采購專業，作為訂貨的技(ji)術條件。
六、爆破(po)片有關標準規范
HG/T 20570.3《工藝系(xi)統工程(cheng)設計技術規定--爆破片的設置和(he)選用》
GB 567《爆破片與爆破片裝置》
GB 12353《拱型金屬爆破片裝置分類與安(an)裝尺寸》
GB/T 14566《正拱(gong)形金屬爆破片(pian)型(xing)式與參數》
GB/T 14567《反拱形金屬(shu)爆(bao)破片(pian)型(xing)式與(yu)參數》
GB/T 14568《開(kai)縫形(xing)金屬爆破片型(xing)式與參數》
GB/T 16181《爆破片(pian)裝置夾持器型式和(he)外(wai)形尺(chi)寸》
七、安全閥與爆破片性(xing)能比較
安(an)全閥與(yu)爆破片性能比較見表(biao)6.3.13。
