金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)發展新金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材料(liao)、改進材料(liao)質(zhi)量(liang)、限(xian)度發揮(hui)材料(liao)潛力(選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)適當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)許用(yong)(yong)(yong)應(ying)力、分析(xi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)(jian)故(gu)障(zhang)、確(que)保金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)(jian)設(she)計合理以及使用(yong)(yong)(yong)維護的(de)(de)(de)(de)安可靠，都是必不可少的(de)(de)(de)(de)手段(duan)(見金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表征)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本任(ren)務是正確(que)地選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)檢測(ce)(ce)儀器、裝備(bei)和(he)(he)(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)，確(que)定合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)判(pan)據(ju)，并準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)而(er)盡(jin)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)(ce)出(chu)這種判(pan)據(ju)。 測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法和(he)(he)(he)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian) 為了(le)確(que)切表征金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材料(liao)在使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(服役)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下所(suo)表現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為,力學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)應(ying)盡(jin)量(liang)接近(jin)實際(ji)工(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)。除普通(tong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用(yong)(yong)(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)進行(xing)(xing)力學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近(jin)年(nian)來又發展出(chu)模(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗，即(ji)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)件(jian)(jian)模(mo)型，或甚至使用(yong)(yong)(yong)真實機(ji)(ji)件(jian)(jian)，在模(mo)擬(ni)機(ji)(ji)件(jian)(jian)真實工(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下進行(xing)(xing)力學(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗。通(tong)過這種試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗所(suo)得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)力學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(使用(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng))判(pan)據(ju)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)更真實反映工(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，具(ju)有(you)重大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)實際(ji)意義。但是，模(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗般缺(que)乏普遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)受到限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)。然而(er)根據(ju)具(ju)體情況，進行(xing)(xing)部分模(mo)擬(ni)服役條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是十分必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗設(she)備(bei)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)形狀、尺寸和(he)(he)(he)加工(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法、加荷(he)速(su)率(lv)、溫度、介質(zhi)等(deng)，均影(ying)響金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果。只有(you)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗方(fang)(fang)(fang)法標準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規程(cheng)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)保證金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)可比(bi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。正確(que)選(xuan)擇和(he)(he)(he)執行(xing)(xing)標準(zhun)(zhun)，是確(que)保金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)容 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)研究金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)作用下所表(biao)現(xian)的(de)(de)行為和(he)發生的(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。由于(yu)(yu)作用力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(dian)(如(ru)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)種類、施力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)和(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態等)和(he)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態所處環境的(de)(de)不(bu)同，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后表(biao)現(xian)出各種不(bu)同的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(如(ru)彈性(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)、韌性(xing)(xing)和(he)強度(du)(du)等)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)高(gao)低，通常用力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判據來(lai)表(biao)征，如(ru)抗(kang)拉(la)強度(du)(du) 、伸長率、沖擊韌度(du)(du)、疲勞(lao)限等。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制件的(de)(de)服役條(tiao)件復(fu)雜(za)，因而(er)(er)，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件也(ye)是(shi)復(fu)雜(za)而(er)(er)多(duo)樣的(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程(cheng)需(xu)要(yao)考慮的(de)(de)參數(shu)很多(duo)，常用的(de)(de)有(you)： A 溫度(du)(du) 室溫、高(gao)溫、低溫和(he)按(an)照(zhao)定規律變(bian)(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉(la)伸、壓(ya)縮、彎曲(qu)、扭轉(zhuan)、剪(jian)切、復(fu)合(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按(an)定規律變(bian)(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)隨機應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等； C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian) 軸向(xiang)、徑向(xiang)、表(biao)面(mian)、彈性(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)、總(zong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)； D 環境 空氣、真空、控(kong)(kong)制氣氛、腐(fu)蝕介(jie)質、海水(shui)、水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣、高(gao)壓(ya)、腐(fu)蝕、核輻照(zhao)、宇宙空間(jian)等； E 加荷速(su)(su)(su)率(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)(su)率)低速(su)(su)(su)、中速(su)(su)(su)、高(gao)速(su)(su)(su)、超(chao)低速(su)(su)(su)、超(chao)高(gao)速(su)(su)(su)等； F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian))循環頻(pin)率 低頻(pin)、中頻(pin)、高(gao)頻(pin)、超(chao)低頻(pin)、超(chao)高(gao)頻(pin)等； G 時(shi)(shi)間(jian) 瞬間(jian)、短時(shi)(shi)、長時(shi)(shi)、超(chao)短時(shi)(shi)、超(chao)長時(shi)(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)(de)尺寸和(he)形(xing)狀(zhuang) 般、小(xiao)、大、棒狀(zhuang)、板(ban)狀(zhuang)、管(guan)狀(zhuang)、絲(si)狀(zhuang)、薄膜、環形(xing)、C形(xing)、殊(shu)形(xing)狀(zhuang)、帶缺口(kou)(kou)、帶預制裂(lie)紋或缺陷、模(mo)型、實物等。 根據上述(shu)參數(shu)，已形(xing)成下述(shu)主要(yao)的(de)(de)普通力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)法:抗(kang)拉(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞(lao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕(ru)變(bian)(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久強度(du)(du)和(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂(lie)韌性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)彎試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)剪(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如(ru)杯突、擴(kuo)口(kou)(kou)、反復(fu)彎曲(qu)、鋼管(guan)壓(ya)扁、鋼絲(si)纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等)等。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)門(men)綜(zong)合(he)性(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科，它與數(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、物理學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)無線電技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、自(zi)(zi)動控(kong)(kong)制技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電子計算機技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、數(shu)字顯示技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電液伺服控(kong)(kong)制技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、近代無損檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、儀(yi)器儀(yi)表(biao)制造技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)等密切相關。60年(nian)代以(yi)(yi)來(lai),由于(yu)(yu)這些域的(de)(de)先(xian)進(jin)成就應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用到金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中去，使金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)精度(du)(du)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)自(zi)(zi)動化程(cheng)度(du)(du)顯著提高(gao)，基(ji)本上可實現(xian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)參數(shu)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制、測(ce)(ce)量(liang)和(he)記錄的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)動化和(he)圖表(biao)化。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)正向(xiang)著無惰性(xing)(xing)電子化和(he)盤自(zi)(zi)動化(廣泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用電子計算機)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)邁進(jin)。
