金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)，對研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)發展(zhan)新金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料、改進(jin)(jin)材(cai)料質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、限度(du)發揮(hui)材(cai)料潛力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(選(xuan)用(yong)適當的(de)(de)許用(yong)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、分析金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)故障、確(que)(que)(que)(que)保金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)設(she)計合理(li)以及使(shi)用(yong)維護的(de)(de)安(an)可靠，都是(shi)必不可少(shao)的(de)(de)手段(見金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)表征)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)基本任務是(shi)正確(que)(que)(que)(que)地選(xuan)用(yong)檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)儀器、裝備(bei)和(he)(he)(he)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)，確(que)(que)(que)(que)定合理(li)的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判(pan)(pan)據，并準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)(que)(que)(que)而(er)盡可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)(ce)(ce)出(chu)這種判(pan)(pan)據。 測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)方法(fa)和(he)(he)(he)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian) 為(wei)了確(que)(que)(que)(que)切表征金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料在使(shi)用(yong)(服役)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下所表現的(de)(de)行為(wei),力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)應(ying)盡量(liang)(liang)接近(jin)(jin)實(shi)際(ji)工(gong)(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)。除普通(tong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(利(li)用(yong)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)進(jin)(jin)行力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi))外(wai)，近(jin)(jin)年來又發展(zhan)出(chu)模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)，即應(ying)用(yong)機件(jian)模(mo)型，或(huo)甚至使(shi)用(yong)真(zhen)實(shi)機件(jian)，在模(mo)擬機件(jian)真(zhen)實(shi)工(gong)(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下進(jin)(jin)行力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。通(tong)過這種試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)所得到(dao)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(使(shi)用(yong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng))判(pan)(pan)據，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更真(zhen)實(shi)反映工(gong)(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，具(ju)有(you)重大(da)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)際(ji)意義(yi)。但是(shi)，模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)般缺(que)乏普遍性(xing)(xing)，應(ying)用(yong)受到(dao)限制(zhi)(zhi)。然(ran)而(er)根據具(ju)體情況(kuang)，進(jin)(jin)行部分模(mo)擬服役條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)還是(shi)十分必要的(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)設(she)備(bei)、試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)形狀、尺(chi)寸和(he)(he)(he)加工(gong)(gong)方法(fa)、加荷速(su)率、溫度(du)、介質(zhi)等，均(jun)影響(xiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)結果。只有(you)采(cai)用(yong)相同的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方法(fa)標準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)規程(cheng)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保證金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)結果的(de)(de)可靠性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)可比(bi)性(xing)(xing)。正確(que)(que)(que)(que)選(xuan)擇和(he)(he)(he)執行標準(zhun)(zhun)，是(shi)確(que)(que)(que)(que)保金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)要條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)。
測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是研究金屬(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下所(suo)表現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為和(he)(he)(he)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。由(you)于(yu)作用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類、施力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方式和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態(tai)等(deng)(deng))和(he)(he)(he)受(shou)(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態(tai)所(suo)處環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)，金屬(shu)(shu)在受(shou)(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后(hou)表現(xian)出(chu)各(ge)種不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(如彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)等(deng)(deng))。金屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低，通(tong)常用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)判據(ju)(ju)來表征，如抗(kang)(kang)拉強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du) 、伸長(chang)率(lv)(lv)(lv)、沖擊韌(ren)度(du)(du)、疲勞限等(deng)(deng)。 金屬(shu)(shu)制件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)役條(tiao)件復雜，因而，金屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件也是復雜而多(duo)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)過程需要考慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參數(shu)很多(duo)，常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有： A 溫(wen)度(du)(du) 室溫(wen)、高(gao)溫(wen)、低溫(wen)和(he)(he)(he)按照定(ding)規(gui)律變(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉伸、壓縮、彎(wan)曲(qu)(qu)、扭(niu)轉、剪(jian)切(qie)、復合(he)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按定(ding)規(gui)律變(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)隨機應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian) 軸向(xiang)、徑向(xiang)、表面(mian)、彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)； D 環境 空(kong)氣(qi)、真空(kong)、控(kong)制氣(qi)氛、腐蝕介質、海水、水蒸氣(qi)、高(gao)壓、腐蝕、核輻照、宇宙空(kong)間(jian)等(deng)(deng)； E 加荷(he)速(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(或應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)速(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv))低速(su)、中(zhong)(zhong)速(su)、高(gao)速(su)、超低速(su)、超高(gao)速(su)等(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian))循(xun)環頻率(lv)(lv)(lv) 低頻、中(zhong)(zhong)頻、高(gao)頻、超低頻、超高(gao)頻等(deng)(deng)； G 時(shi)間(jian) 瞬(shun)間(jian)、短時(shi)、長(chang)時(shi)、超短時(shi)、超長(chang)時(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺寸(cun)和(he)(he)(he)形狀(zhuang) 般、小、大、棒狀(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)、絲狀(zhuang)、薄(bo)膜(mo)、環形、C形、殊形狀(zhuang)、帶(dai)缺口、帶(dai)預制裂(lie)紋(wen)或缺陷(xian)、模型、實(shi)(shi)物(wu)等(deng)(deng)。 根據(ju)(ju)上述參數(shu)，已形成(cheng)下述主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普通(tong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方法:抗(kang)(kang)拉試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂(lie)韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)扭(niu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)剪(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、金屬(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(如杯突(tu)、擴口、反復彎(wan)曲(qu)(qu)、鋼(gang)管壓扁、鋼(gang)絲纏(chan)繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)。 金屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是門綜(zong)合(he)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科，它(ta)與(yu)數(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、物(wu)理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、金屬(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以及無線電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、自動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子計算機技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、數(shu)字(zi)顯示技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)液伺(si)服(fu)控(kong)制技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)測(ce)量技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、近(jin)代(dai)無損(sun)檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、儀(yi)器儀(yi)表制造技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)密切(qie)相關。60年代(dai)以來,由(you)于(yu)這些域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)進成(cheng)就應(ying)(ying)用(yong)到金屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)去，使(shi)金屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精度(du)(du)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)自動(dong)(dong)化程度(du)(du)顯著提高(gao)，基(ji)本上可(ke)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)參數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制、測(ce)量和(he)(he)(he)記錄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)(dong)化和(he)(he)(he)圖(tu)表化。金屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)正向(xiang)著無惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子化和(he)(he)(he)盤自動(dong)(dong)化(廣泛應(ying)(ying)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子計算機)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)邁(mai)進。
