金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制(zhi)和(he)發(fa)展新金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材料(liao)(liao)、改進(jin)材料(liao)(liao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、限(xian)度發(fa)揮材料(liao)(liao)潛力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(選(xuan)用(yong)適(shi)當的(de)(de)許用(yong)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、分(fen)析金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件故障、確(que)保(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件設計(ji)合(he)理以及使(shi)用(yong)維護的(de)(de)安(an)可(ke)靠(kao)，都是(shi)(shi)必不可(ke)少的(de)(de)手段(見金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)表征)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)基本任務是(shi)(shi)正確(que)地(di)選(xuan)用(yong)檢測(ce)儀器(qi)、裝備(bei)和(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確(que)定合(he)理的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判(pan)據，并準(zhun)確(que)而(er)盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)快地(di)測(ce)出(chu)這種判(pan)據。 測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方法和(he)條(tiao)(tiao)件 為了確(que)切表征金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材料(liao)(liao)在使(shi)用(yong)(服役)條(tiao)(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)所表現的(de)(de)行為,力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件應(ying)盡量(liang)(liang)接近(jin)實(shi)(shi)際工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件。除普通金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利(li)用(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進(jin)行力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近(jin)年來又發(fa)展出(chu)模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，即(ji)應(ying)用(yong)機件模(mo)型，或甚(shen)至(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)真實(shi)(shi)機件，在模(mo)擬機件真實(shi)(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)進(jin)行力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)。通過這種試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)所得(de)到的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(使(shi)用(yong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng))判(pan)據，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更(geng)真實(shi)(shi)反(fan)映(ying)工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，具(ju)有重大的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)(shi)際意(yi)義。但是(shi)(shi)，模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)般缺乏普遍性(xing)(xing)，應(ying)用(yong)受到限(xian)制(zhi)。然而(er)根(gen)據具(ju)體(ti)情況，進(jin)行部(bu)分(fen)模(mo)擬服役條(tiao)(tiao)件的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是(shi)(shi)十(shi)分(fen)必要(yao)的(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)設備(bei)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形狀、尺(chi)寸和(he)加工(gong)方法、加荷速率、溫度、介質(zhi)(zhi)等，均影(ying)響金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果(guo)。只有采用(yong)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方法標準(zhun)和(he)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規程(cheng)，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果(guo)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)和(he)可(ke)比性(xing)(xing)。正確(que)選(xuan)擇和(he)執(zhi)行標準(zhun)，是(shi)(shi)確(que)保(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)要(yao)條(tiao)(tiao)件。
測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)是研究金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)的(de)作用下所(suo)(suo)表(biao)(biao)(biao)現的(de)行(xing)為和(he)(he)發生的(de)現象(xiang)。由于作用力(li)(li)點(如(ru)力(li)(li)的(de)種類、施力(li)(li)方(fang)式和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態等(deng)(deng)(deng))和(he)(he)受力(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態所(suo)(suo)處環境的(de)不同(tong)，金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在受力(li)(li)后(hou)表(biao)(biao)(biao)現出(chu)各種不同(tong)的(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(如(ru)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)強度(du)(du)等(deng)(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)高(gao)低(di)(di)，通常(chang)用力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)判據(ju)來(lai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)征，如(ru)抗(kang)(kang)拉強度(du)(du) 、伸長(chang)率(lv)、沖擊韌度(du)(du)、疲勞(lao)限等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)的(de)服(fu)(fu)役(yi)條(tiao)件(jian)復雜，因而，金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件(jian)也是復雜而多樣的(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程需要考(kao)慮的(de)參數(shu)(shu)很多，常(chang)用的(de)有： A 溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du) 室溫(wen)(wen)、高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)、低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)和(he)(he)按(an)照定規律(lv)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li) 拉伸、壓(ya)縮、彎(wan)曲、扭轉、剪切(qie)、復合(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)、按(an)定規律(lv)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)和(he)(he)隨機(ji)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian) 軸向、徑向、表(biao)(biao)(biao)面、彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)； D 環境 空氣、真空、控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)氣氛、腐蝕介質、海水、水蒸氣、高(gao)壓(ya)、腐蝕、核輻照、宇(yu)宙空間(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； E 加(jia)荷速(su)率(lv)(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)速(su)率(lv))低(di)(di)速(su)、中(zhong)速(su)、高(gao)速(su)、超(chao)(chao)(chao)低(di)(di)速(su)、超(chao)(chao)(chao)高(gao)速(su)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian))循環頻(pin)(pin)率(lv) 低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)、中(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)、高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)、超(chao)(chao)(chao)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)、超(chao)(chao)(chao)高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； G 時(shi)間(jian) 瞬(shun)間(jian)、短時(shi)、長(chang)時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)(chao)短時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)(chao)長(chang)時(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)尺寸和(he)(he)形狀(zhuang) 般(ban)、小(xiao)、大、棒狀(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)、絲(si)狀(zhuang)、薄膜、環形、C形、殊形狀(zhuang)、帶缺(que)口、帶預(yu)制(zhi)裂紋或(huo)缺(que)陷、模型、實物等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 根據(ju)上(shang)述(shu)參數(shu)(shu)，已形成下述(shu)主要的(de)普(pu)通力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)法:抗(kang)(kang)拉試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞(lao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久強度(du)(du)和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷(duan)裂韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐(nai)磨(mo)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(如(ru)杯(bei)突、擴口、反復彎(wan)曲、鋼(gang)管壓(ya)扁、鋼(gang)絲(si)纏(chan)繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是門綜合(he)性(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)科(ke)，它(ta)與(yu)數(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)、物理學(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)以(yi)及無(wu)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子計算機(ji)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、數(shu)(shu)字顯(xian)示技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)液伺服(fu)(fu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)測(ce)量技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、近代(dai)無(wu)損檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、儀(yi)器儀(yi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)制(zhi)造技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)密切(qie)相(xiang)關。60年代(dai)以(yi)來(lai),由于這些(xie)域(yu)的(de)先進成就應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用到金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)去，使金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)精度(du)(du)、能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)和(he)(he)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)程度(du)(du)顯(xian)著提高(gao)，基本上(shang)可實現力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)參數(shu)(shu)的(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、測(ce)量和(he)(he)記錄的(de)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)圖表(biao)(biao)(biao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)正向著無(wu)惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)盤自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(廣泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)子計算機(ji))的(de)方(fang)向邁(mai)進。
