金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研(yan)制(zhi)和(he)(he)發展新金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料、改進(jin)材(cai)料質(zhi)量(liang)、限(xian)(xian)度(du)發揮(hui)材(cai)料潛力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)適當的(de)許(xu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、分(fen)(fen)析金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)(jian)故(gu)障、確(que)保(bao)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)(jian)設計合理(li)以及(ji)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)維(wei)護的(de)安(an)可(ke)靠(kao)，都是必(bi)不可(ke)少的(de)手(shou)段(見金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)表(biao)征)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)基本任務是正(zheng)確(que)地選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)檢(jian)測(ce)儀器、裝備(bei)和(he)(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)，確(que)定合理(li)的(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)判據(ju)，并準確(que)而盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)出這種判據(ju)。 測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法和(he)(he)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian) 為(wei)了確(que)切表(biao)征金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(服役)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下所(suo)表(biao)現的(de)行為(wei),力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)應(ying)(ying)盡(jin)量(liang)接(jie)近(jin)實(shi)(shi)際工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)。除(chu)普通(tong)(tong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)進(jin)行力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外(wai)，近(jin)年來又發展出模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)，即應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)機件(jian)(jian)模(mo)(mo)型，或甚至使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)機件(jian)(jian)，在模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)機件(jian)(jian)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下進(jin)行力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)這種試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)所(suo)得到的(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng))判據(ju)，能(neng)(neng)更(geng)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)反(fan)映工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，具有重大(da)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)(shi)際意義。但是，模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)般缺乏普遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)受到限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)。然而根據(ju)具體(ti)情況，進(jin)行部分(fen)(fen)模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)服役條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是十分(fen)(fen)必(bi)要的(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)設備(bei)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)形狀、尺寸和(he)(he)加工(gong)(gong)方(fang)法、加荷速(su)率、溫度(du)、介(jie)質(zhi)等，均(jun)影(ying)響金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果(guo)。只有采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)相(xiang)同的(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法標(biao)(biao)準和(he)(he)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)程(cheng)，才能(neng)(neng)保(bao)證金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果(guo)的(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)可(ke)比性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。正(zheng)確(que)選擇(ze)和(he)(he)執行標(biao)(biao)準，是確(que)保(bao)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)要條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是研究金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下所(suo)表(biao)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為和發生的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。由于(yu)作用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)點(如(ru)(ru)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類、施(shi)力(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)和應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)狀態等(deng)(deng))和受(shou)力(li)(li)狀態所(suo)處環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在受(shou)力(li)(li)后表(biao)現(xian)出各種(zhong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(如(ru)(ru)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和強(qiang)度(du)(du)等(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)，通常(chang)用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)判據來表(biao)征，如(ru)(ru)抗(kang)拉強(qiang)度(du)(du) 、伸(shen)長率、沖擊(ji)韌度(du)(du)、疲勞限等(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制件的(de)(de)(de)服役(yi)條件復雜，因而，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)條件也(ye)是復雜而多樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程需要考慮的(de)(de)(de)參(can)數很多，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)有： A 溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du) 室溫(wen)(wen)、高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)、低(di)溫(wen)(wen)和按(an)照(zhao)定(ding)規律變(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li) 拉伸(shen)、壓縮、彎(wan)曲(qu)、扭轉、剪切、復合(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)、按(an)定(ding)規律變(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)和隨機(ji)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian) 軸向(xiang)、徑向(xiang)、表(biao)面、彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)； D 環(huan)境(jing) 空氣(qi)、真空、控制氣(qi)氛、腐蝕介質、海水(shui)、水(shui)蒸氣(qi)、高(gao)(gao)壓、腐蝕、核(he)輻照(zhao)、宇(yu)宙空間等(deng)(deng)； E 加荷速(su)率(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)速(su)率)低(di)速(su)、中(zhong)速(su)、高(gao)(gao)速(su)、超低(di)速(su)、超高(gao)(gao)速(su)等(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian))循環(huan)頻(pin)(pin)率 低(di)頻(pin)(pin)、中(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)、高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)、超低(di)頻(pin)(pin)、超高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)等(deng)(deng)； G 時間 瞬間、短(duan)時、長時、超短(duan)時、超長時； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)尺寸和形(xing)狀 般(ban)、小、大、棒狀、板狀、管狀、絲狀、薄膜、環(huan)形(xing)、C形(xing)、殊形(xing)狀、帶(dai)缺口、帶(dai)預制裂紋或缺陷(xian)、模型、實(shi)物等(deng)(deng)。 根據上述(shu)參(can)數，已(yi)形(xing)成下述(shu)主要的(de)(de)(de)普通力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)法:抗(kang)拉試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊(ji)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久強(qiang)度(du)(du)和應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐(nai)磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)工(gong)藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如(ru)(ru)杯(bei)突、擴口、反復彎(wan)曲(qu)、鋼管壓扁(bian)、鋼絲纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)是門綜合(he)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科，它與數學(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、物理學(xue)(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)以及無(wu)線電(dian)技術、自動(dong)控制技術、電(dian)子(zi)計算機(ji)技術、數字顯示技術、電(dian)液伺(si)服控制技術、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量技術、近(jin)代無(wu)損檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技術、儀器儀表(biao)制造技術等(deng)(deng)密切相(xiang)關。60年(nian)代以來,由于(yu)這(zhe)些域的(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)成就應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)到金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)去(qu)，使金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)技術的(de)(de)(de)精度(du)(du)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)和自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)程度(du)(du)顯著(zhu)提高(gao)(gao)，基本上可(ke)實(shi)現(xian)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參(can)數的(de)(de)(de)控制、測(ce)(ce)(ce)量和記錄的(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)和圖表(biao)化(hua)(hua)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)技術正(zheng)向(xiang)著(zhu)無(wu)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)子(zi)化(hua)(hua)和盤自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(廣泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)子(zi)計算機(ji))的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)邁進(jin)。
