本次GB/T 4334標準的修訂，將標準名稱變更為《金屬和合金的腐蝕 奧氏體及雙相(鐵素體-奧氏體)不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》，通過名稱明確了上述體系中各標準的適用范圍，便于使用和實施。同時，廢除了方法D—不銹鋼硝酸-氫氟酸腐蝕試驗方法，增加了方法F—銅-硫酸銅-35%硫酸腐蝕試驗方法和方法G—40%硫酸-硫酸鐵腐蝕試驗方法，修改了敏化制度和彎曲實驗參數等技術指標。通過本次修訂，提高了不銹鋼晶(jing)間(jian)腐蝕試驗方法標準的科學性、經濟性和實用性，有助于指導和規范高鉻鉬奧氏體不銹(xiu)鋼及雙相不銹鋼生產和驗收，有助于提高我國不銹鋼產品的技術性能、安全可靠性及環保性能。 前不久，由冶金工業信息標準研究院組織的GB/T 4334《金屬和合金的腐蝕不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》等兩項國家標準和一項國家標準外文版審定會在江蘇無錫順利召開。經過兩輪會議評審的GB/T 4334確定了最終的送審稿。私作為該分技術委員會的委員，全程參與了該標準的修訂過程，下面就為各位提前“劇透”下更新版的主要修改內容。“劇透”的主要目的是為了向小伙伴們闡明專家組對于各修訂之處的原因和意圖，便于大家更好地理解更新版標準的改動之處。預計更新版標準將于2020年正式發布實施，希望屆時都能夠更好地執行。
1. 淘(tao)汰落后(hou)的硝(xiao)酸-氫(qing)氟(fu)酸法
我(wo)國GB/T 4334-2008中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)D法(fa)(fa)——不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)-氫(qing)(qing)氟酸(suan)(suan)試驗(yan)法(fa)(fa)最早于1984年修改采用(yong)(yong)自日(ri)(ri)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)JIS G 0574-1980。美國ASTM A262的(de)(de)(de)早期版(ban)本(ben)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)包含了(le)硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)-氫(qing)(qing)氟酸(suan)(suan)法(fa)(fa)，但在(zai)1993年以后的(de)(de)(de)版(ban)本(ben)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)此(ci)(ci)(ci)法(fa)(fa)遭(zao)到淘汰(tai)，隨后日(ri)(ri)本(ben)也(ye)廢除了(le)JIS G 0574，因此(ci)(ci)(ci)當(dang)前其他各國標準中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)均無此(ci)(ci)(ci)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)-氫(qing)(qing)氟酸(suan)(suan)法(fa)(fa)具有如下(xia)特點：不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼在(zai)此(ci)(ci)(ci)試驗(yan)溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)腐蝕(shi)電位處在(zai)活化-鈍化區，因此(ci)(ci)(ci)會伴有嚴重的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)面(mian)腐蝕(shi)。所(suo)以，試樣必須采用(yong)(yong)參照試樣，借助(zhu)腐蝕(shi)速率比值的(de)(de)(de)評定方(fang)法(fa)(fa)來篩除全(quan)面(mian)腐蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)干擾影(ying)響。此(ci)(ci)(ci)外，試驗(yan)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)為70°C而不(bu)采用(yong)(yong)沸騰，控制相對不(bu)便；試驗(yan)溶(rong)液(ye)含有劇(ju)毒(du)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)氟酸(suan)(suan)，不(bu)能使用(yong)(yong)常規的(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)璃容(rong)器，而需采用(yong)(yong)耐(nai)硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)和氫(qing)(qing)氟酸(suan)(suan)腐蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)特制塑料(liao)容(rong)器，這(zhe)些因素都在(zai)一定程(cheng)度(du)上影(ying)響了(le)該(gai)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，導致該(gai)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)幾乎從未被廣泛使用(yong)(yong)過(guo)。由于硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)-氫(qing)(qing)氟酸(suan)(suan)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)些特點，這(zhe)一方(fang)法(fa)(fa)在(zai)國標GB/T 4334-2008中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)名存實亡，因此(ci)(ci)(ci)更新版(ban)標準將該(gai)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)廢除。
2. 新增兩(liang)個實驗方法使(shi)適用范圍(wei)進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)擴大(da)
GB/T 4334-2008修改采用自ISO 3651-1,3651-2。但是只保留了ISO 3651-1中的硝酸法和ISO 3651-2中A法——銅-硫酸銅-16%硫酸法。而對于ISO 3651-2中B 法——銅-硫酸銅-35%硫酸法則并未納入，此外，GB/T 4334-2008方法B名義上由ISO 3651-2中C法變更而來，實際相對于早期版本并無實質變化。GB/T 4334 的早期版本GB/T 4334.1~5-1980 和GB/T 4334.1~5-2000 最早非等效采用日本標準JIS G 0571~0575。而在1999年，日本對這幾個標準進行了較大的修改，由原先的ASTM體系逐漸向ISO體系靠攏。JIS G 0575-1999在原先銅-硫酸銅-16%硫酸法的基礎上，增加了銅-硫酸銅-35%硫酸法，JIS G 0572-2006將原來與ASTM A262中B法等同的50%硫酸-硫酸鐵法變更成與ISO等效的40%硫酸-硫酸鐵法。這兩項變化使日本晶間腐蝕標準的適用范圍得到了較大的擴展，即適用范圍由僅適用于奧氏體不銹鋼進一步擴大到了雙相不銹鋼。但我國標準從2000版到2008 版內容卻無實質變化。根據GB/T 4334-2008的前言所述，與相應ISO標準相比，本標準方法C的適用范圍不包括雙相不銹鋼；方法B適用范圍不包括鐵素體不銹鋼。但實際上，在GB/T 4334-2008正文的第一章“范圍”中，方法A、B、C和D所明確指定的適用范圍都僅局限于奧氏體不銹鋼。在GB/T 4334-2008中，僅方法E明確指出“適用于奧氏體、奧氏體-鐵素體不銹鋼…”。這種情況下，對于雙相不銹鋼的晶間腐蝕試樣方法選擇范圍過于單一。此外，GB/T 4334-2008在方法A中列出了一些不銹鋼牌號所適用的晶間腐蝕試驗方法，這些牌號都是Cr含量全部低于20%的300系不銹鋼。對于Cr、Mo含量更高的奧氏體不銹鋼以及雙相不銹鋼都沒有相應的說明，這在我國超級不銹鋼發展日益成熟的今天顯然有些過時。硫酸-硫酸銅法中決定其腐蝕性的主要是硫酸濃度，對于用在不太惡劣環境下的300系不銹鋼，如304不銹鋼、316不銹鋼等，16%的硫酸-硫酸銅法已被廣泛證明是合適的。但是，對用于更惡劣環境下的高鉻、鉬不銹鋼，采用16%的硫酸-硫酸銅法檢驗晶間腐蝕的結果往往與工程實際不符合。此時，一般應選用更高濃度的硫酸。美、日、俄及ISO標準中都包含了更高濃度的硫酸-硫酸銅法，鑒于我國超級不銹鋼使用的日益廣泛，將更高濃度的硫酸法納入標準已顯得非常迫切。 當前，由于我國標準體系在高鉻鉬含量不銹鋼及雙相不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法方面的不夠完善，導致國內部分不銹鋼產品在晶間腐蝕檢驗時面臨無相關國家標準可依的窘境，而只能選用國際標準。例如，針對雙相不銹鋼的晶間腐蝕檢驗，GB/T 21433-2008《不銹鋼壓力容器晶間腐蝕敏感性檢驗》就不得不引用了ISO 3651-(1~2)。 鑒于近年來不銹鋼產業在我國的迅猛發展，將適用于高鉻鉬含量奧氏體不銹鋼及雙相不銹鋼的晶間腐蝕試驗方法納入不銹鋼的晶間腐蝕試驗標準顯得日益迫切。結合國外標準及我國對晶間腐蝕試驗方法的使用情況，本次標準的修訂將在GB/T 4334-2008的基礎上增加銅-硫酸銅-35%硫酸法及40%硫酸-硫酸鐵法。
3. 對取樣和制備、試驗報告(gao)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)部分調(diao)整
GB/T 31935-2015及GB/T 32571-2016內容中(zhong)關(guan)于(yu)“取(qu)樣(yang)和(he)制(zhi)備”及“試(shi)驗(yan)報(bao)告”部(bu)分(fen)參考了(le)(le)GB/T 4334-2008標(biao)準，并同時進(jin)行了(le)(le)很(hen)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改進(jin)，體現了(le)(le)“先(xian)進(jin)性、科學性和(he)合理性”；本次GB/T 4334的(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)訂(ding)在“取(qu)樣(yang)和(he)制(zhi)備”及“試(shi)驗(yan)報(bao)告”部(bu)分(fen)與(yu)上述兩(liang)(liang)(liang)標(biao)準進(jin)行了(le)(le)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)等同，既保(bao)證了(le)(le)本標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)進(jin)性，同時又使不(bu)同類型不(bu)銹鋼的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶間腐蝕試(shi)驗(yan)取(qu)樣(yang)標(biao)準得(de)到(dao)了(le)(le)統一。此外，對(dui)于(yu)彎(wan)(wan)曲(qu)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)取(qu)樣(yang)根據GB/T 4338-2008標(biao)準在實際使用過(guo)程中(zhong)遇(yu)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)以及多方意(yi)見(jian)增加了(le)(le)附注，即“對(dui)于(yu)較厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)樣(yang)，若無法彎(wan)(wan)曲(qu)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個被檢驗(yan)面(mian)，則可(ke)取(qu)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)組(zu)各兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個試(shi)樣(yang)。取(qu)樣(yang)時標(biao)記(ji)(ji)出各試(shi)樣(yang)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)某一樣(yang)面(mian)。試(shi)驗(yan)后，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)組(zu)試(shi)樣(yang)分(fen)別彎(wan)(wan)曲(qu)被標(biao)記(ji)(ji)面(mian)和(he)未標(biao)記(ji)(ji)面(mian)”，增加了(le)(le)標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)實用性和(he)可(ke)操(cao)作性。
4. 對敏化制度進行了部分(fen)調整(zheng)
早(zao)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)間腐(fu)(fu)蝕試(shi)驗(yan)標(biao)(biao)準主要(yao)為(wei)(wei)美、俄兩個體(ti)系(xi)標(biao)(biao)準，其敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)間在(zai)(zai)當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)均(jun)為(wei)(wei) 2h，20世紀70年代(dai)后均(jun)改為(wei)(wei)1h，說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)2h偏(pian)長。根據(ju)合肥通用(yong)(yong)(yong)機械研究(jiu)院(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)量試(shi)驗(yan)分析(xi)，8mm左右厚度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)18-8鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板，正常焊條電弧焊試(shi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)間腐(fu)(fu)蝕敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)程度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)大(da)(da)約不(bu)超過(guo)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)板試(shi)樣(yang)經650°C敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)15min的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)間腐(fu)(fu)蝕敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)程度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。所以一(yi)般認(ren)為(wei)(wei)GB/T 4334-2008標(biao)(biao)準要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)650°C保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)兩小時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)是(shi)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)較(jiao)嚴(yan)苛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，該參數最早(zao)也(ye)(ye)源自日(ri)本(ben)JIS G 0571~0575-1980。但(dan)(dan)日(ri)標(biao)(biao)在(zai)(zai)1999年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修訂版(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)將(jiang)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)與(yu)ISO進行了(le)(le)(le)等同，從(cong)而將(jiang)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)間大(da)(da)大(da)(da)縮短(duan)了(le)(le)(le)。GB/T 4334.2-2000、GB/T 4334.3-2000、GB/T 4334.4-2000對(dui)(dui)(dui)低碳(tan)和(he)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)奧氏體(ti)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)作(zuo)(zuo)出規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)后，都(dou)另外說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)“根據(ju)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)協(xie)議，也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)(yong)其他(ta)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)”，而在(zai)(zai)GB/T 4334.1-2000和(he)GB/T 4334.5-2000中(zhong)(zhong)，卻沒有關于協(xie)商的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條款(kuan)。到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)GB/T 4334-2008版(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)，則把所有方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)統一(yi)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)“對(dui)(dui)(dui)超低碳(tan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)（碳(tan)含(han)量不(bu)大(da)(da)于0.03%）和(he)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)種(zhong)（添加鈦或鈮(ni)），敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)650℃，壓力加工試(shi)樣(yang)保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)2h，鑄件保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)1 h，空(kong)冷(leng)。”而無(wu)供(gong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)協(xie)商條款(kuan)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于這一(yi)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，從(cong)各工業(ye)企業(ye)反饋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見來(lai)看(kan)，普(pu)遍認(ren)為(wei)(wei)這一(yi)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)限定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)過(guo)于死(si)板，導(dao)致試(shi)驗(yan)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)沒有任何調整空(kong)間。而實際上，對(dui)(dui)(dui)于不(bu)同牌號、不(bu)同合金含(han)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)，其第二(er)相(xiang)析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)感溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)是(shi)有差異的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，將(jiang)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)限定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)個固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)顯然不(bu)夠(gou)合理(li)(li)(li)，美國(guo)ASTM A262標(biao)(biao)準規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍為(wei)(wei)650~675°C，同時(shi)也(ye)(ye)允許供(gong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)協(xie)商敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間及隨后冷(leng)卻方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式，ISO及日(ri)本(ben)JIS標(biao)(biao)準對(dui)(dui)(dui)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)也(ye)(ye)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)(le)(le)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇。可(ke)以說(shuo)(shuo)，將(jiang)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)嚴(yan)格限定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)個溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)明(ming)(ming)(ming)顯地(di)違背了(le)(le)(le)科學(xue)性原則。 可(ke)以看(kan)到(dao)： (1) ASTM A262僅強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)650~675°C，對(dui)(dui)(dui)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)間和(he)冷(leng)卻方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式不(bu)作(zuo)(zuo)強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，但(dan)(dan)是(shi)推(tui)薦(jian)(jian)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)種(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，即 675°C，保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)1h； (2) ISO 3651-2提(ti)供(gong)了(le)(le)(le)兩種(zhong)供(gong)選的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、時(shi)間及冷(leng)卻方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式均(jun)做出了(le)(le)(le)明(ming)(ming)(ming)確規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)； (3) JIS G 0575推(tui)薦(jian)(jian)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)ISO 3651-2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，但(dan)(dan)特(te)別說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)“經供(gong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)協(xie)商，可(ke)以采用(yong)(yong)(yong)其他(ta)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)”； (4) GB/T 4334-2008強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)執行一(yi)種(zhong)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，即“650°C，壓力加試(shi)樣(yang)保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)2h，鑄件保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)1h，空(kong)冷(leng)”。 此(ci)外，美國(guo)ASTM A262在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)-硫酸銅(tong)-16%硫酸法中(zhong)(zhong)，特(te)別說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)除(chu)非需(xu)(xu)(xu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)特(te)別聲(sheng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)，否則可(ke)以使用(yong)(yong)(yong)ISO 3651-2中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)A法替代(dai)本(ben)法，同時(shi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)ISO標(biao)(biao)準提(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，這表明(ming)(ming)(ming) ASTM標(biao)(biao)準對(dui)(dui)(dui)ISO標(biao)(biao)準敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)認(ren)可(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)此(ci)，針對(dui)(dui)(dui)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)間腐(fu)(fu)蝕試(shi)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，標(biao)(biao)準更新版(ban)不(bu)再作(zuo)(zuo)強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，考慮(lv)到(dao)國(guo)內(nei)長期(qi)(qi)以來(lai)一(yi)些設計選材對(dui)(dui)(dui)于敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連續性要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)奧氏體(ti)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)維持推(tui)薦(jian)(jian)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)GB/T 4334-2008版(ban)標(biao)(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)；對(dui)(dui)(dui)于雙(shuang)相(xiang)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)，已有大(da)(da)量試(shi)驗(yan)和(he)研究(jiu)表明(ming)(ming)(ming)，使用(yong)(yong)(yong)GB/T 4334-2008版(ban)標(biao)(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)造成試(shi)驗(yan)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)試(shi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非晶(jing)(jing)(jing)間腐(fu)(fu)蝕開裂，從(cong)而增加大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑒定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)工作(zuo)(zuo)量，因(yin)此(ci)我們推(tui)薦(jian)(jian)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)范圍更加廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)ISO3651-2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于其他(ta)不(bu)銹鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)，則規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)“試(shi)樣(yang)是(shi)否需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)和(he)采取何種(zhong)敏(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，由產品標(biao)(biao)準或供(gong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)協(xie)商確定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”。
5. 對65%硝酸法所(suo)用硝酸濃度添加(jia)注(zhu)釋說明(ming)
此前研究表明(ming)(ming)，硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)對試驗結(jie)果影響較大(da)。對于硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)，老版(ban)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)有(you)專門說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)。如(ru)果按(an)要(yao)求配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)65%±0.2%確(que)實(shi)比較困難(nan)，需(xu)要(yao)通過(guo)滴定(ding)來(lai)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)，對于企業來(lai)說(shuo)存(cun)在(zai)困難(nan)。更新版(ban)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)將在(zai)文末添(tian)加(jia)“（ρ20=1.40g/mL）”以表示(shi)可以采用(yong)(yong)比重法(fa)(fa)(fa)間(jian)接(jie)測定(ding)所(suo)(suo)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)溶液(ye)(ye)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)是否符合要(yao)求。 此外，從該方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)(ye)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程反饋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況看，有(you)些企業和單位(wei)會(hui)參照美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)ASTM A262中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)（比率為每升濃(nong)(nong)(nong)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)添(tian)加(jia)108mL水(shui)）配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)。但這在(zai)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情(qing)下是不(bu)可取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。美(mei)(mei)(mei)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)本身沒有(you)問(wen)題，問(wen)題在(zai)于所(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)并不(bu)相同(tong)。國(guo)(guo)際標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)ISO和美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)ASTM標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)中(zhong)(zhong)對于濃(nong)(nong)(nong)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)規定(ding)是69%~71%;而我(wo)國(guo)(guo)GB/T 626中(zhong)(zhong)對于濃(nong)(nong)(nong)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)規定(ding)為65%~68%。即所(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初始濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)就不(bu)一致，如(ru)果使用(yong)(yong)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)符合GB/T 626的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)去按(an)照美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)ASTM A626中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)將明(ming)(ming)顯低于65%。遂在(zai)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)更新版(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)添(tian)加(jia)一了段注(zhu)釋：“本標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)所(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)（質(zhi)量(liang)分數(shu)65%~68%），與美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)ASTM A262所(suo)(suo)用(yong)(yong)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)（質(zhi)量(liang)分數(shu)69%~71%）不(bu)同(tong)，不(bu)能采用(yong)(yong)ASTM A262所(suo)(suo)規定(ding)硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)溶液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式來(lai)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)本標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)用(yong)(yong)65%硝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)溶液(ye)(ye)。”
6. 對(dui)彎曲法的參數(shu)進(jin)行(xing)了修改
GB/T 4334自從(cong)第一(yi)版以來(lai)(lai)，就有(you)行(xing)業專(zhuan)家認為(wei)(wei)(wei)其中銅(tong)-硫酸(suan)銅(tong)-16%硫酸(suan)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)比國(guo)外過(guo)(guo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)嚴苛，導(dao)(dao)致對(dui)(dui)(dui)此參(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爭議一(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)。GB/T 4334-2008對(dui)(dui)(dui)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)如下：“壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)加(jia)工件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)和(he)(he)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)180°，焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)舟形(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)沿(yan)垂直(zhi)(zhi)焊(han)(han)(han)縫方(fang)(fang)(fang)向進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)頭(tou)(tou)沿(yan)熔合(he)線(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。鑄(zhu)(zhu)鋼件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)90°。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，當(dang)(dang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1mm時(shi)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1mm；當(dang)(dang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)1mm時(shi)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)5mm。”這(zhe)一(yi)規定(ding)(ding)最(zui)早沿(yan)用(yong)(yong)自GB 4334.5-1990。當(dang)(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識是壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果影(ying)響(xiang)較(jiao)(jiao)小，為(wei)(wei)(wei)了使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)便而(er)統一(yi)成兩個壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。 然而(er)，近年來(lai)(lai)無論是理論計(ji)算(suan)還(huan)是實(shi)際實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)都(dou)表明壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果有(you)很(hen)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。尤其是對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)較(jiao)(jiao)厚(hou)(hou)且本(ben)(ben)身塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，采用(yong)(yong)5mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)會(hui)出現試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)冷(leng)(leng)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)差而(er)導(dao)(dao)致開裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，從(cong)而(er)增加(jia)了大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)檢測工作(zuo)。例如大(da)(da)量實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)研究表明，焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)頭(tou)(tou)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)本(ben)(ben)身較(jiao)(jiao)差，即使(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)經晶間腐(fu)蝕(shi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，許多材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)稍(shao)厚(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)白試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)按(an)GB/T 4334-2008標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)到180°也(ye)會(hui)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)冷(leng)(leng)變形(xing)(xing)超過(guo)(guo)其塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)導(dao)(dao)致開裂。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)這(zhe)類低(di)(di)(di)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，ASTM標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)特意聲(sheng)明，不(bu)(bu)(bu)須彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)180°，而(er)是通過(guo)(guo)未經試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)白試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)來(lai)(lai)獲得該材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)產(chan)生(sheng)冷(leng)(leng)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)裂紋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，并(bing)以此角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)晶間腐(fu)蝕(shi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)后(hou)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)來(lai)(lai)評定(ding)(ding)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)是否產(chan)生(sheng)晶間腐(fu)蝕(shi)開裂。ISO 3651-2對(dui)(dui)(dui)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求為(wei)(wei)(wei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)加(jia)工試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)頭(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩倍，鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)頭(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4倍。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求是不(bu)(bu)(bu)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)90°。 此外，我國(guo)鎳基合(he)金晶間腐(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)GB/T 15260-2016對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)是，“壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)半徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩倍，試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)180度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)”，與此同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，也(ye)特別(bie)說明“對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)低(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，應通過(guo)(guo)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)一(yi)個與被試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)質及(ji)形(xing)(xing)狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)白試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)不(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)生(sheng)裂紋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)”，這(zhe)與ASTM A262是相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。有(you)行(xing)業專(zhuan)家認為(wei)(wei)(wei)，標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)在于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)科學性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)合(he)理性(xing)(xing)(xing)，而(er)并(bing)非嚴苛性(xing)(xing)(xing)。當(dang)(dang)前(qian)(qian)GB/T 4334-2008對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求過(guo)(guo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)嚴苛，導(dao)(dao)致了使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)該標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)中方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)E往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)增加(jia)了很(hen)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)期(qi)檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)工作(zuo)量，方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)用(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)也(ye)因(yin)此大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低(di)(di)(di)，遠(yuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能滿(man)足當(dang)(dang)前(qian)(qian)工程(cheng)實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)。因(yin)此，結(jie)合(he)眾多專(zhuan)家意見(jian)及(ji)文(wen)獻，參(can)(can)(can)(can)考ASTM A262、ISO 3651-2以及(ji)我國(guo)GB/T 15260對(dui)(dui)(dui)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)參(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)更改非常有(you)必要(yao)。 本(ben)(ben)次彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)參(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修改參(can)(can)(can)(can)照ISO標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，經修改后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)參(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：“壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)加(jia)工件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)180°。鑄(zhu)(zhu)鋼件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)和(he)(he)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)90°，焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)舟形(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)沿(yan)垂直(zhi)(zhi)焊(han)(han)(han)縫方(fang)(fang)(fang)向進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)頭(tou)(tou)沿(yan)熔合(he)線(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)低(di)(di)(di)韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，可用(yong)(yong)采用(yong)(yong)一(yi)個未經試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)確定(ding)(ding)其不(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)生(sheng)開裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)(da)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，以此作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。”在GB/T 4334-2008版的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上，保留(liu)了壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)加(jia)工件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)180°，對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)和(he)(he)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)規定(ding)(ding)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)由原來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)180°變為(wei)(wei)(wei)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)90°”，主要(yao)是考慮到焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)本(ben)(ben)身塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)差，當(dang)(dang)前(qian)(qian)工業上對(dui)(dui)(dui)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)也(ye)常采用(yong)(yong)90°彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)90°變為(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)90°求兼容(rong)了此前(qian)(qian)版本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。 此外，還(huan)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)低(di)(di)(di)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)了特別(bie)說明。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，此次變更“對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)加(jia)工件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)應不(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2倍；對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)鋼件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、焊(han)(han)(han)管(guan)和(he)(he)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)彎(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)應不(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4倍”，這(zhe)與ISO標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)等(deng)同(tong)(tong)。相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)ASTM標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)點在于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)需要(yao)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)每(mei)個厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)采用(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)原來(lai)(lai)5mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)頭(tou)(tou)，在新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規定(ding)(ding)下對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)加(jia)工件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)言適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)2.5mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)低(di)(di)(di)塑(su)(su)工件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)則適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)1.25mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。
7. 對標準(zhun)名稱進(jin)行了變更(geng)
近年來，由于鐵素體(ti)不銹鋼(gang)的晶間腐蝕標準GB/T 31935-2015《金屬和合金的腐蝕 低鉻鐵素體不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》、GB/T 32571-2016《金屬和合金的腐蝕 高鉻鐵素體不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》先后發布，對于鐵素體不銹鋼而言已經有了獨立的晶間腐蝕試驗標準體系，所以GB/T 4334-2008《金屬和合金的腐蝕 不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法》這一名稱已明顯不合適，本次修訂后，GB/T 4334的適用范圍將包括奧氏體不銹鋼以及雙相不銹鋼，遂將標準名稱改成“金屬和合金的腐蝕 奧氏體及雙相(鐵素體-奧氏體)不銹鋼晶間腐蝕試驗方法”。
