現代(dai)的立式(shi)穿孔(kong)(kong)機上一般都配備完成以下動作的輔(fu)助(zhu)機械：（1)在(zai)加(jia)熱好坯(pi)料(liao)的內外(wai)表(biao)面(mian)上涂敷(fu)玻璃潤(run)滑(hua)劑；（2)將(jiang)內外(wai)表(biao)面(mian)經潤(run)滑(hua)的坯(pi)料(liao)從潤(run)滑(hua)臺送(song)(song)至(zhi)穿孔(kong)(kong)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)上方的位(wei)置；（3)將(jiang)坯(pi)料(liao)及剪切環(huan)(huan)送(song)(song)入穿孔(kong)(kong)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)并封閉穿孔(kong)(kong)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的下方；（4)將(jiang)玻璃潤(run)滑(hua)劑施(shi)加(jia)到穿孔(kong)(kong)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)坯(pi)料(liao)的上端面(mian)和中(zhong)心孔(kong)(kong)內；（5)冷(leng)(leng)卻鐓粗桿、鐓粗頭；（6)清理、更(geng)換穿（擴）孔(kong)(kong)頭；（7)從穿（擴）孔(kong)(kong)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)頂出空(kong)心坯(pi)和剪切環(huan)(huan)；（8)冷(leng)(leng)卻、清理、更(geng)換剪切環(huan)(huan)；（9)冷(leng)(leng)卻、清理穿（擴）孔(kong)(kong)筒(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內襯；（10)接受空(kong)心坯(pi)料(liao)，并將(jiang)其傳送(song)(song)到輸出輥道上。

 以上列舉的(de)機械和(he)(he)裝置(zhi)按(an)照(zhao)自動化(hua)程序依次工(gong)作，其結(jie)構和(he)(he)布置(zhi)取決(jue)（擴）孔坯(pi)料的(de)質量和(he)(he)尺寸、穿孔機的(de)結(jie)構形式(shi)、穿孔筒(tong)的(de)工(gong)位設置(zhi)及其工(gong)位數量。

德(de)國(guo)制造的(de)10MN（1000t)立式(shi)穿孔機的(de)有關參數如下：

 穿(chuan)孔(kong)余料應留的高度由可(ke)能得到的穿(chuan)孔(kong)力(li)的大小而定。

 在穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)余(yu)料高(gao)度等(deng)于穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)頭(tou)直徑(jing)的(de)一半(ban)以前，穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)過程為(wei)等(deng)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)力進(jin)行(xing)。當確定了穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)機在使(shi)用最大(da)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)頭(tou)時(shi)的(de)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)力而不考慮其增(zeng)長(chang)，則(ze)在使(shi)用最大(da)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)頭(tou)時(shi)的(de)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)余(yu)料高(gao)度為(wei)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)(kong)頭(tou)直徑(jing)之半(ban)。

 實際上，穿孔余料(liao)高度的確(que)定尚須考慮到穿孔頭(tou)邊角半徑的大小，以(yi)及其材(cai)料(liao)流動錐(zhui)體的影響(xiang)。

4. 穿孔余料的剪切(qie)力與支承(cheng)缸的封(feng)底(di)推力

  按照剪應力理(li)論(lun)：σ1-σ3 = 2Tmax,則穿(chuan)孔(kong)余料剪切力為：  T_max=(σ₁-σ₃)/2      τ=0.5K_f

所采用的K_f相當于無損失鐓壓過程時的數值，但鋼坯下部和穿孔筒底部接觸，約有50~80℃的溫度損失，對于不同的材料在不同溫度下的K_f值見表8-26。

 5. 支承(cheng)缸的封底推力

  穿(chuan)孔(kong)筒的封底荷載(zai)，即單位壓力(li)，相當于分布在底部面(mian)積(ji)上的穿(chuan)孔(kong)力(li)，封底支承桿的直徑和穿(chuan)孔(kong)頭(tou)直徑相等。封底支承桿的面(mian)積(ji)（或穿(chuan)孔(kong)頭(tou)的面(mian)積(ji)），占穿(chuan)孔(kong)筒面(mian)積(ji)的比(bi)值見表8-27.

  可見(jian)，當(dang)穿(chuan)孔(kong)余料(liao)的(de)高(gao)度不低于穿(chuan)孔(kong)頭直徑之半時，封底推力(li)(li)能達(da)到穿(chuan)孔(kong)力(li)(li)的(de)50%就足夠了(le)。為了(le)充分利用穿(chuan)孔(kong)力(li)(li)，并(bing)盡量(liang)減小(xiao)穿(chuan)孔(kong)余料(liao)的(de)厚度，則作(zuo)用于封底支(zhi)承桿(gan)上的(de)穿(chuan)孔(kong)力(li)(li)的(de)分量(liang)要增(zeng)加，最大(da)可以增(zeng)加到等(deng)于穿(chuan)孔(kong)力(li)(li)。

 6. 31.5MN（3150t)擠壓(ya)車(che)間10MN(1000t)立式穿孔機設(she)備(bei)性能：